{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:14:34Z","timestamp":1787768074715,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine, Cluj-Napoca","award":["35158\/17.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35158\/17.12.2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations, coronary and cerebral artery diseases, are the most common cause of death worldwide. The main pathophysiological mechanism for these complications is the rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent thrombosis. Pathological studies of the vulnerable lesions showed that more frequently, plaques rich in lipids and with a high level of inflammation, responsible for mild or moderate stenosis, are more prone to rupture, leading to acute events. Identifying the vulnerable plaques helps to stratify patients at risk of developing acute vascular events. Traditional imaging methods based on plaque appearance and size are not reliable in prediction the risk of rupture. Intravascular imaging is a novel technique able to identify vulnerable lesions, but it is invasive and an operator-dependent technique. This review aims to summarize the current data from literature regarding the main biomarkers involved in the attempt to diagnose vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions. These biomarkers could be the base for risk stratification and development of the new therapeutic drugs in the treatment of patients with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:53:06Z","timestamp":1667904786000},"page":"13638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque: Is There a Molecular Signature?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana Mihaela","family":"Chiorescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Ioana","family":"Inceu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nicolae St\u0103ncioiu Heart Institute, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Paula","family":"Buda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nicolae St\u0103ncioiu Heart Institute, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-8582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Blendea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nicolae St\u0103ncioiu Heart Institute, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400437 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Irina","family":"Vlaicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.004","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Recent developments","volume":"185","author":"Lusis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1021\/pr0500197","article-title":"Quest for Novel Cardiovascular Biomarkers by Proteomic Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Vivanco","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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