{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:46:08Z","timestamp":1785224768937,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo SEP-Cinvestav","award":["FIDSC 2018\/95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIDSC 2018\/95"]}]},{"name":"Fondo SEP-Cinvestav","award":["A1-S-39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-39422"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Sectorial Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SEP\u2013CONACYT) M\u00e9xico","award":["FIDSC 2018\/95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIDSC 2018\/95"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Sectorial Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SEP\u2013CONACYT) M\u00e9xico","award":["A1-S-39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-39422"]}]},{"name":"Miguel Aleman Foundation and Cinvestav. M\u00e9xico","award":["FIDSC 2018\/95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIDSC 2018\/95"]}]},{"name":"Miguel Aleman Foundation and Cinvestav. M\u00e9xico","award":["A1-S-39422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-39422"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In giardiasis, diarrhoea, dehydration, malabsorption, weight loss and\/or chronic inflammation are indicative of epithelial barrier dysfunction. However, the pathogenesis of giardiasis is still enigmatic in many aspects. Here, we show evidence that a cysteine protease of Giardia duodenalis called giardipain-1, contributes to the pathogenesis of giardiasis induced by trophozoites of the WB strain. In an experimental system, we demonstrate that purified giardipain-1 induces apoptosis and extrusion of epithelial cells at the tips of the villi in infected jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). Moreover, jird infection with trophozoites expressing giardipain-1 resulted in intestinal epithelial damage, cellular infiltration, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy and oedema. Pathological alterations were more pronounced when jirds were infected intragastrically with Giardia trophozoites that stably overexpress giardipain-1. Furthermore, Giardia colonization in jirds results in a chronic inflammation that could relate to the dysbiosis triggered by the protist. Taken together, these results reveal that giardipain-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of giardiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:53:06Z","timestamp":1667904786000},"page":"13649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Cysteine Protease Giardipain-1 from Giardia duodenalis Contributes to a Disruption of Intestinal Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1144-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Quezada-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, M\u00e9xico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yessica","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Cobix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, M\u00e9xico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Fonseca-Li\u00f1\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, M\u00e9xico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Porfirio","family":"Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biof\u00edsica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Dimitri","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Cueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncol\u00f3gicas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cedillo-Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Experimental, Torre de Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7111-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"L\u00f3pez-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Inmunolog\u00eda Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Huerta-Yepez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncol\u00f3gicas, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1997-3211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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