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Despite intensified efforts to clarify the immunopathology of COVID-19, the key factors and processes that trigger an inflammatory storm and lead to severe clinical outcomes in patients remain unclear. As an inflammatory storm factor, IL-33 is an alarmin cytokine, which plays an important role in cell damage or infection. Recent studies have shown that serum IL-33 is upregulated in COVID-19 patients and is strongly associated with poor outcomes. Increased IL-33 levels in severe infections may result from an inflammatory storm caused by strong interactions between activated immune cells. However, the effects of IL-33 in COVID-19 and the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we systematically discuss the biological properties of IL-33 under pathophysiological conditions and its regulation of immune cells, including neutrophils, innate lymphocytes (ILCs), dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4+ T cells, Th17\/Treg cells, and CD8+ T cells, in COVID-19 phagocytosis. The aim of this review is to explore the potential value of the IL-33\/immune cell pathway as a new target for early diagnosis, monitoring of severe cases, and clinical treatment of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:53:06Z","timestamp":1667904786000},"page":"13656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Emerging Effects of IL-33 on COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2045-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luwei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengliang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyang","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, Medical School of Soochow University, Add 178 Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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