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Intracellular DNA (iDNA) plays an essential role in different stages of biological growth, and it is defined as the carrier of genetic information. In addition, extracellular DNA (eDNA) is not enclosed in living cells, accounting for a large proportion of total DNA in the environment. Both the lysis-dependent and lysis-independent pathways are involved in eDNA release, and the released DNA has diverse environmental functions. This review provides an insight into the origin as well as the multiple ecological functions of eDNA. Furthermore, the main research advancements of eDNA in the various ecological environments and the various model microorganisms are summarized. Furthermore, the major methods for eDNA extraction and quantification are evaluated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1667897576000},"page":"13690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Origin, Function, Distribution, Quantification, and Research Advances of Extracellular DNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lishuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaorui","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guowei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqu","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1445-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01845-21","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01845-21","article-title":"Extracellular DNA in Environmental Samples: Occurrence, Extraction, Quantification, and Impact on Microbial Biodiversity Assessment","volume":"88","author":"Bairoliya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. 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