{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:05:15Z","timestamp":1782817515281,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TCU Research and Creative Activity Funds","award":["90964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90964"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diffusiophoresis is the migration of a colloidal particle in water driven by concentration gradients of cosolutes such as salts. We have experimentally characterized the diffusiophoresis of tyloxapol micelles in the presence of MgSO4, a strong salting-out agent. Specifically, we determined the multicomponent-diffusion coefficients using Rayleigh interferometry, cloud points, and dynamic-light-scattering diffusion coefficients on the ternary tyloxapol\u2013MgSO4\u2013water system at 25 \u00b0C. Our experimental results show that micelle diffusiophoresis occurs from a high to a low salt concentration (positive diffusiophoresis). Moreover, our data were used to characterize the effect of salt concentration on micelle size and salt osmotic diffusion, which occurs from a high to a low surfactant concentration. Although micelle diffusiophoresis can be attributed to the preferential hydration of the polyethylene glycol surface groups, salting-out salts also promote an increase in the size of micellar aggregates, ultimately leading to phase separation at high salt concentration. This complicates diffusiophoresis description, as it is not clear how salt-induced surfactant aggregation contributes to micelle diffusiophoresis. We, therefore, developed a two-state aggregation model that successfully describes the observed effect of salt concentration on the size of tyloxapol micelles, in the case of MgSO4 and the previously reported case of Na2SO4. Our model was then used to theoretically evaluate the contribution of salt-induced aggregation to diffusiophoresis. Our analysis indicates that salt-induced aggregation promotes micelle diffusiophoresis from a low to a high salt concentration (negative diffusiophoresis). However, we also determined that this mechanism marginally contributes to overall diffusiophoresis, implying that preferential hydration is the main mechanism causing micelle diffusiophoresis. Our results suggest that sulfate salts may be exploited to induce the diffusiophoresis of PEG-functionalized particles such as micelles, with potential applications to microfluidics, enhanced oil recovery, and controlled-release technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1667895432000},"page":"13710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Diffusiophoresis of a Nonionic Micelle in Salt Gradients; Roles of Preferential Hydration and Salt-Induced Surfactant Aggregation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Eliandreina","family":"Cruz Barrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 W. Bowie St., Sid Richardson Bldg. #438, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyra V.","family":"Penino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 W. Bowie St., Sid Richardson Bldg. #438, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onofrio","family":"Annunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, 2950 W. Bowie St., Sid Richardson Bldg. #438, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01935","article-title":"A revolution in optical manipulation","volume":"424","author":"Grier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12939","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b05507","article-title":"Dynamic transport control of colloidal particles by repeatable active switching of solute gradients","volume":"13","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frimmel, F.H., von der Kammer, F., and Flemming, H.C. (2007). Colloidal Transport in Porous Media, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71339-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05058","article-title":"The origins and the future of microfluidics","volume":"442","author":"Whitesides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c04320","article-title":"Microfluidic investigation of salinity-induced oil recovery in porous media during chemical flooding","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0023415","article-title":"Diffusiophoretic separation of colloids in microfluidic flows","volume":"32","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11941","DOI":"10.1021\/nn504418u","article-title":"Chemotactic separation of enzymes","volume":"8","author":"Dey","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2254","article-title":"Boosting migration of large particles by solute contrasts","volume":"7","author":"Abecassis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15181","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15181","article-title":"Membraneless water filtration using co2","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.01.024","article-title":"Diffusiophoresis contributes significantly to colloidal fouling in low salinity reverse osmosis systems","volume":"479","author":"Guha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.96.062602","article-title":"Diffusiophoresis in nonadsorbing polymer solutions: The asakura-oosawa model and stratification in drying films","volume":"96","author":"Sear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.14338","article-title":"Transport and deposition patterns in drying sessile droplets","volume":"60","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aiche J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12128","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.8b02653","article-title":"Enhanced oil recovery potential of alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate surfactants in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/jz400287x","article-title":"Self-induced surfactant transport along discontinuous liquid-liquid interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Sinz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.12.024014","article-title":"Osmotic delivery and release of lipid-encapsulated molecules via sequential solution exchange","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(93)90167-4","article-title":"Controlling diffusion","volume":"24","author":"Wesselingh","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10680","DOI":"10.1021\/la801636u","article-title":"Modulation of drug transport properties by multicomponent diffusion in surfactant aqueous solutions","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.9.034012","article-title":"Cleaning by surfactant gradients: Particulate removal from porous materials and the significance of rinsing in laundry detergency","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12694","DOI":"10.1021\/jp307625d","article-title":"Protein diffusiophoresis and salt osmotic diffusion in aqueous solutions","volume":"116","author":"Annunziata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b03318","article-title":"Amplification of salt-induced protein diffusiophoresis by varying salt from potassium to sodium to magnesium chloride in water","volume":"36","author":"Fahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12210","DOI":"10.1021\/la503214b","article-title":"Amplification of salt-induced polymer diffusiophoresis by increasing salting-out strength","volume":"30","author":"McAfee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SM00052E","article-title":"Origins of concentration gradients for diffusiophoresis","volume":"12","author":"Velegol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.21.010189.000425","article-title":"Colloid transport by interfacial forces","volume":"21","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8686(82)85022-7","article-title":"Migration of a colloidal particle in a gradient of electrolyte concentration","volume":"16","author":"Prieve","year":"1982","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17244","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR03373J","article-title":"Electrofocusing-enhanced localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701391115","article-title":"Diffusiophoresis of charged colloidal particles in the limit of very high salinity","volume":"116","author":"Prieve","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1021\/la4044107","article-title":"Particle deposition on microporous membranes can be enhanced or reduced by salt gradients","volume":"30","author":"Kar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506216b","article-title":"Enhanced transport into and out of dead-end pores","volume":"9","author":"Kar","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1021\/j100338a091","article-title":"The role of supporting electrolytes in protein diffusion","volume":"93","author":"Leaist","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"s0065","article-title":"Measurement and interpretation of diffusion coefficients of proteins","volume":"11","author":"Gosting","year":"1956","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9834834","article-title":"Precision measurements of binary and multicomponent diffusion coefficients in protein solutions relevant to crystal growth: Lysozyme chloride in water and aqueous NaCl at ph 4.5 and 25 degrees c-perpendicular to","volume":"121","author":"Albright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4916","DOI":"10.1021\/la500982u","article-title":"Effect of particle size on salt-induced diffusiophoresis compared to brownian mobility","volume":"30","author":"McAfee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1021\/la5046223","article-title":"Effects of salting-in interactions on macromolecule diffusiophoresis and salt osmotic diffusion","volume":"31","author":"McAfee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122225399","article-title":"Protein-solvent preferential interactions, protein hydration, and the modulation of biochemical reactions by solvent components","volume":"99","author":"Timasheff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6545","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00268a034","article-title":"Preferential interactions of proteins with salts in concentrated solutions","volume":"21","author":"Arakawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1899","article-title":"Beyond hofmeister","volume":"6","author":"Jungwirth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120436","article-title":"A unified description of macroion diffusiophoresis, salt osmotic diffusion and collective diffusion coefficient","volume":"163","author":"Annunziata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690080530","article-title":"Applicability of the stefan-maxwell equations to multicomponent diffusion in liquids","volume":"8","author":"Lightfoot","year":"1962","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2018.10.032","article-title":"Diffusing uphill with james clerk maxwell and josef stefan","volume":"195","author":"Krishna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9525","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b02065","article-title":"Macromolecule diffusiophoresis induced by concentration gradients of aqueous osmolytes","volume":"34","author":"Lechlitner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"10","article-title":"Salt-induced diffusiophoresis of a nonionic micelle: Roles of salting out and proximity to surfactant cloud point","volume":"359","author":"Krause","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(86)90023-8","article-title":"Diffusion of ionic micelles in salt-solutions\u2013sodium dodecyl-sulfate + sodium-chloride + water","volume":"111","author":"Leaist","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7296","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201710711","article-title":"Microemulsions, micelles, and functional gels: How colloids and soft matter preserve works of art","volume":"57","author":"Chelazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Edit."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.2001.7955","article-title":"Importance of micellar kinetics in relation to technological processes","volume":"245","author":"Patist","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00132","article-title":"Micelles as soil and water decontamination agents","volume":"116","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC01368A","article-title":"Recent advances in catalysis in micellar media","volume":"17","author":"Strukul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-018-2152-3","article-title":"Strategies to improve micelle stability for drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.057","article-title":"Ruthenium-based complex nanocarriers for cancer therapy","volume":"33","author":"Mangiapia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1511484112","article-title":"Size-dependent control of colloid transport via solute gradients in dead-end channels","volume":"113","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1021\/je00023a013","article-title":"Isopiestic determination of the osmotic coefficients of aqueous Na2SO4, MgSO4, and Na2SO4-MgSO4 at 25-degrees-c","volume":"26","author":"Rard","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00648779","article-title":"Mutual diffusion-coefficients of na2so4-h2o and mgso4-h2o at 25 c from rayleigh interferometry","volume":"8","author":"Rard","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Solut. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5b02614","article-title":"Effect of ionic strength on the interfacial forces between oil\/brine\/rock interfaces: A chemical force microscopy study","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1021\/ef800062n","article-title":"\u201cSmart water\u201d for oil recovery from fractured limestone: A preliminary study","volume":"22","author":"Strand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.01.053","article-title":"Characterization of triton x-100 and its oligomer (tyloxapol) micelles vis-\u00e0-vis solubilization of bisphenol a by spectral and scattering techniques","volume":"470","author":"Dharaiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5776","article-title":"Aggregation behavior of tyloxapol, a nonionic surfactant oligomer, in aqueous solution","volume":"210","author":"Regev","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1998.5721","article-title":"Comparing the surface chemical properties and the effect of salts on the cloud point of a conventional nonionic surfactant, octoxynol 9 (triton x-100), and of its oligomer, tyloxapol (triton wr-1339)","volume":"205","author":"Schott","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c00176","article-title":"Determination of critical micelle concentration from the diffusion-driven dilution of micellar aqueous mixtures","volume":"37","author":"Barrios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0119936","article-title":"Growth and hydration of triton x-100 micelles in monovalent alkali salts: A light scattering study","volume":"106","author":"Aguiar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0605705","article-title":"Lysozyme mutual diffusion in solutions crowded by poly(ethylene glycol)","volume":"39","author":"Vergara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1021\/je2006693","article-title":"Ternary mutual diffusion coefficients of aqueous nicl2+ nacl and nicl2+ hcl solutions at 298.15 k","volume":"56","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b01823","article-title":"Multicomponent diffusion in aqueous solutions of nonionic micelles and decane","volume":"35","author":"Alexander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1021\/j100399a010","article-title":"Some comments on multicomponent diffusion\u2013negative main term diffusion-coefficients, 2nd law constraints, solvent choices, and reference frame transformations","volume":"90","author":"Miller","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8923","DOI":"10.1039\/b910152g","article-title":"Macromolecular hydration compared with preferential hydration and their role on macromolecule-osmolyte coupled diffusion","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pusey, P.N., and Tough, R.J.A. (1985). Particle Interactions. Dynamic Light Scattering. Applications of Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2389-1_4"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005182316790","article-title":"Isopiestic determination of the osmotic coefficients of Na2SO4(aq) at 25 and 50c, and representation with ion-interaction (pitzer) and mole fraction thermodynamic models","volume":"29","author":"Rard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Solut. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1021\/jp012627p","article-title":"Thermodynamic expressions relating different types of preferential interaction coefficients in solutions containing two solute components","volume":"106","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2007.01.045","article-title":"Lower consolute boundaries of the nonionic surfactant c8e5 in aqueous alkali halide solutions: An approach to reproduce the effects of alkali halides on the cloud-point temperature","volume":"310","author":"Weckstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2013.07.014","article-title":"Cross-diffusion in a colloid-polymer aqueous system","volume":"356","author":"McAfee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1021\/je60039a031","article-title":"Viscosities of binary aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, and magnesium sulfate at concentrations and temperatures of interest in desalination processes","volume":"13","author":"Korosi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1021\/j150610a033","article-title":"Micellar properties and critical fluctuations in aqueous solutions of nonionic amphiphiles","volume":"85","author":"Corti","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.1021\/je200807y","article-title":"Effect of lysozyme proteins on the mutual-diffusion coefficient of sodium chloride in water","volume":"56","author":"Annunziata","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.37.405","article-title":"Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I","volume":"37","author":"Onsager","year":"1931","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80254-7","article-title":"Interpretation of preferential interaction coefficients of nonelectrolytes and of electrolyte ions in terms of a two-domain model","volume":"68","author":"Record","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1021\/j100526a010","article-title":"The size, shape, and hydration of nonionic surfactant micelles. Triton x-100","volume":"81","author":"Robson","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/jphysrad:01936007010100","article-title":"Mouvement brownien d\u2019un ellipsoide (ii). Rotation libre et d\u00e9polarisation des fluorescences. Translation et diffusion de mol\u00e9cules ellipsoidales","volume":"7","author":"Perrin","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Phys. Radium"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01876a060","article-title":"The apparent shape of protein molecules","volume":"61","author":"Neurath","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"272","article-title":"Optical Methods","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Wakeham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Measurement of the Transport Properties of Fluids: Experimental Thermodynamics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12085","DOI":"10.1021\/la052147f","article-title":"Protein diffusion coefficients determined by macroscopic-gradient rayleigh interferometry and dynamic light scattering","volume":"21","author":"Annunziata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1021\/j100325a045","article-title":"A method for obtaining multicomponent diffusion coefficients directly from rayleigh and gouy fringe position data","volume":"92","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1021\/jp7104456","article-title":"Effect of macromolecular polydispersity on diffusion coefficients measured by rayleigh interferometry","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10876","DOI":"10.1021\/ja803688x","article-title":"Pegylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.06.046","article-title":"Peg\u2013a versatile conjugating ligand for drugs and drug delivery systems","volume":"192","author":"Kolate","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4978","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9003743","article-title":"Complex fluids of poly(oxyethylene) monoalkyl ether nonionic surfactants","volume":"110","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/22\/13710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:34Z","timestamp":1760145154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/22\/13710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232213710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232213710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}