{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:48:12Z","timestamp":1788994092530,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society of New Zealand"},{"name":"Health Research Council, New Zealand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). The TG conducts nociceptive signals in the head and may play roles in migraine. PACAP infusion provokes headaches in healthy individuals and migraine-like attacks in patients; however, it is not clear whether targeting this system could be therapeutically efficacious. To effectively target the PACAP system, an understanding of PACAP receptor distribution is required. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize commercially available antibodies and use these to detect PACAP-responsive receptors in the TG. Antibodies were initially validated in receptor transfected cell models and then used to explore receptor expression in rat and human TG. Antibodies were identified that could detect PACAP-responsive receptors, including the first antibody to differentiate between the PAC1n and PAC1s receptor splice variants. PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptor-like immunoreactivity were observed in subpopulations of both neuronal and glial-like cells in the TG. In this study, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors were detected in the TG, suggesting they are all potential targets to treat migraine. These antibodies may be useful tools to help elucidate PACAP-responsive receptor expression in tissues. However, most antibodies exhibited limitations, requiring the use of multiple methodologies and the careful inclusion of controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T01:48:08Z","timestamp":1668044888000},"page":"13797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 Receptor Expression in Rat and Human Trigeminal Ganglia: Characterization of PACAP-Responsive Receptor Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-6004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Tasma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0341-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Siow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W. R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7086-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Brimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1628-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon J.","family":"O\u2019Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-5122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie L.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher 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