{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:23:07Z","timestamp":1785896587074,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24 DA018055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 DA018055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM123508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM123508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRADB-49-271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRADB-49-271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Professional Staff Congress-City University of New York (PSC-CUNY)","award":["R24 DA018055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 DA018055"]}]},{"name":"Professional Staff Congress-City University of New York (PSC-CUNY)","award":["R01GM123508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM123508"]}]},{"name":"Professional Staff Congress-City University of New York (PSC-CUNY)","award":["TRADB-49-271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRADB-49-271"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is more severe in the elderly, racial minorities, and those with comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. These pathologies are often controlled with medications involving the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS is an endocrine system involved in maintaining blood pressure and blood volume through components of the system. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells through ACE2, a membrane-bound protein related to RAAS. Therefore, the use of RAAS inhibitors could worsen the severity of COVID-19\u2019s symptoms, especially amongst those with pre-existing comorbidities. Although a vaccine is currently available to prevent and reduce the symptom severity of COVID-19, other options, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, may also have utility to prevent and treat this virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:26:37Z","timestamp":1668392797000},"page":"13895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Renin\u2013Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide at the Crossroads of Hypertension and COVID-19: Racial Disparities and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tara","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palak P.","family":"Oza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4060-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khosrow","family":"Kashfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3960","article-title":"Return-to-work, disabilities and occupational health in the age of COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Godeau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. 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