{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:25:44Z","timestamp":1782793544411,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT)","award":["2020R1A2C2013711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C2013711"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori infections are a major cause of gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancer. Triple therapy, using two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor, is recommended for the treatment of H. pylori infections. However, antibiotic resistance in H. pylori is an emerging issue. Bamboo salt, a traditional Korean salt made by baking solar sea salt in bamboo barrels, can ameliorate the symptoms of various gastrointestinal diseases. Herein, we compared the anti-H. pylori activity of triple therapy (clarithromycin, metronidazole, and omeprazole), solar salt, and bamboo salt in vivo as a preliminary study. Four-week-old C57BL\/6 male mice were inoculated for eight weeks with the H. pylori Sydney Strain 1 (SS-1) and orally administered triple therapy drugs and salts for five days. The transcript levels of the H. pylori-expressed gene CagA and inflammatory cytokines Tnf\u03b1 and Il-1\u03b2 significantly decreased in the bamboo salt treated mice than those in the H. pylori-infected control group. This effect was further enhanced by using triple therapy and bamboo salt together. Solar salt caused modest inhibition of H. pylori-induced inflammation. We also demonstrated the synergistic effects of bamboo salt and triple therapy against H. pylori. Thus, bamboo salt may be a potential candidate agent against the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:29:32Z","timestamp":1668392972000},"page":"13997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bamboo Salt and Triple Therapy Synergistically Inhibit Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastritis In Vivo: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tae Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang Yeon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Group of Aging Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Yeon","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haesung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2048-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Yong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Young","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology, Mokpo National University, Mokpo 58554, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Sik","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology, Mokpo National University, Mokpo 58554, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hak","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00054-05","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"19","author":"Kusters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1086\/516077","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer: Clinical and molecular aspects","volume":"25","author":"Goodwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/gastroent12020011","article-title":"40 Years of Helicobacter pylori: A Revolution in Biomedical Thought","volume":"12","author":"Charitos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Insights"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12741","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12741","article-title":"Review: Extragastric diseases and Helicobacter pylori","volume":"25","author":"Pellicano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327745","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht VI\/Florence consensus report","volume":"71","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12808","article-title":"Use of a combination formulation of bismuth, metronidazole and tetracycline with omeprazole as a rescue therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"40","author":"Delchier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12743","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12743","article-title":"Review\u2014Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 2020","volume":"25","author":"Furuta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl20288","article-title":"Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Korea 2020","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ari\u00f1o P\u00e9rez, I., Mart\u00ednez-Dom\u00ednguez, S.J., Alfaro Almajano, E., Carrera-Lasfuentes, P., and Lanas, \u00c1. (2022). Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Effectiveness Rates in Daily Clinical Practice in Spain: 2010\u20132019. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050698"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10945-w","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori treatment in the post-antibiotics era-searching for new drug targets","volume":"104","author":"Wojtys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321372","article-title":"European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp--EuReg): Patterns and trends in first-line empirical eradication prescription and outcomes of 5 years and 21 533 patients","volume":"70","author":"Nyssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasielica-Berger, J., Gugnacki, P., Mlynarczyk, M., Rogalski, P., Swidnicka-Siergiejko, A., Antonowicz, S., Krzyzak, M., Maslach, D., Dabrowski, A., and Daniluk, J. (2022). Comparative Effectiveness of Various Eradication Regimens for Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Northeastern Region of Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116921"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.108613","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary haemochromatosis","volume":"56","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03127.x","article-title":"Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"24","author":"Jalving","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02093608","article-title":"Omeprazole produces parietal cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in humans","volume":"41","author":"Driman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.44.473","article-title":"Effect of L-lactic acid on calcium absorption in rats fed omeprazole","volume":"44","author":"Chonan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.02.007","article-title":"Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: A randomized crossover trial","volume":"118","author":"Madden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"413","article-title":"Comparison of Mineral Content and External Structure of Various Salts","volume":"27","author":"Ha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.11002\/kjfp.2013.20.6.791","article-title":"Analysis of components according to different collecting time and production method in sun-dried salt","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Preserv."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"135","article-title":"Elements in a Bamboo Salt and Comparison of Its Elemental Contents with Those in Other Salts","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1525-1","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: A gaseous signaling molecule modulates tissue homeostasis: Implications in ophthalmic diseases","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514002918","article-title":"High sodium intake during postnatal phases induces an increase in arterial blood pressure in adult rats","volume":"112","author":"Moreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4823","article-title":"High-salt diet induces gastric epithelial hyperplasia and parietal cell loss, and enhances Helicobacter pylori colonization in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"59","author":"Fox","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.3.494","article-title":"Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group","volume":"25","author":"Joossens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-120024505","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of Korean folk medicine purple bamboo salt","volume":"25","author":"Shin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-014-0120-6","article-title":"Chemical Properties and In vivo Gastric Protective Effects of Bamboo Salt","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.848","article-title":"Purple bamboo salt has anticancer activity in TCA8113 cells in vitro and preventive effects on buccal mucosa cancer in mice in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.12.006","article-title":"Inhibition of mast cell-dependent immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions by purple bamboo salt","volume":"91","author":"Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.023","article-title":"Effect of Powerdental on caries-inducing properties of Streptococcus mutans and TNF-alpha secretion from HMC-1 cells","volume":"92","author":"You","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-014-0128-y","article-title":"Mineral-rich Solar Sea Salt Generates Less Oxidative Stress in Rats than Mineral-deficient Salt","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12165","article-title":"Heat-Treated Solar Sea Salt Has Antioxidant Activity in Vitro and Produces Less Oxidative Stress in Rats Compared with Untreated Solar Sea Salt","volume":"39","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2012.41.9.1301","article-title":"Alkaline and Antioxidant Effects of Bamboo Salt","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y.L., Zheng, J.Y., Yi, J.J., and Cai, S.B. (2022). Investigation on the Effects and Mechanisms of Alkaline Natural Mineral Water and Distilled Water on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers In Vivo and In Vitro. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10030498"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5407","article-title":"Effects of bamboo salt and its component, hydrogen sulfide, on enhancing immunity","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4433","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics: Exploiting a unique but ubiquitous gasotransmitter","volume":"14","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2011","article-title":"Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: A whiff exploration that blossomed","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"252","article-title":"Characterization and anti-gastric ulcer activity of bamboo salt","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Food Hyg. Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5312","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide signaling in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"20","author":"Linden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1061418","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized non-allergenic urushiol derivatives","volume":"79","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, H.Y., Lee, T.H., Kim, J.G., Lee, S., Moon, C., Truong, X.T., Jeon, T.I., and Moon, J.H. (2020). 3-Pentylcatechol, a Non-Allergenic Urushiol Derivative, Displays Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity In Vivo. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13110384"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70155-0","article-title":"A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: Introducing the Sydney strain","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00864.x","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of the urushiol component in the sap of the lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua Stokes) on Helicobacter pylori","volume":"16","author":"Suk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58790","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17732","article-title":"3-Decylcatechol induces autophagy-mediated cell death through the IRE1alpha\/JNK\/p62 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"8","author":"Go","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.01.002","article-title":"Involvement of BDNF\/ERK signaling in spontaneous recovery from trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity in mice","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/22\/13997\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:19Z","timestamp":1760145439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/22\/13997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232213997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232213997","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]}}}