{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:37:07Z","timestamp":1787726227976,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yersiniosis, caused by Yersinia enterocolitica, is the third most rampant zoonotic disease in Europe; the pathogen shows high antibiotic resistance. Herbs have multiple anti\u2013microbial components that reduce microorganism resistance. Therefore, an extract of Picrorhiza kurroa (P. kurroa) was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity. We report that the ethanolic extract of P. kurroa showed effective antimicrobial activity (zone of inhibition: 29.8 mm, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 2.45 mg\/mL, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC): 2.4 mg\/mL) against Yersinia enterocolitica. Potential bioactive compounds from P. kurroa were identified using LC\u2013MS, namely, cerberidol, annonidine A, benzyl formate, picroside\u20131, and furcatoside A. P. kurroa showed effective antimicrobial potential in skim milk at different pH, acidity, and water activity levels. P. kurroa affected the physiology of Yersinia enterocolitica and reduced the number of live cells. Yersinia enterocolitica, when incubated with P. kurroa extract, showed lower toxin production. Picroside\u20131 was isolated and showed higher antimicrobial potential in comparison to the standard antibiotic. Picroside\u20131 lysed the Yersinia enterocolitica cells, as observed under scanning electron microscopy. Docking revealed that picroside\u20131 (ligand) showed both hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein of Yersinia enterocolitica and that DHFR is a possible drug target. The high activity and natural origin of Picroside\u20131 justify its potential as a possible drug candidate for Yersinia enterocolitica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T02:24:53Z","timestamp":1668565493000},"page":"14090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biological Activity of Picrorhiza kurroa: A Source of Potential Antimicrobial Compounds against Yersinia enterocolitica"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anju","family":"Thapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smriti","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5691-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sundeep","family":"Jaglan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8068-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varun","family":"Jaswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virendra Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Sciences and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar 332211, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Bains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2383-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prince","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azhar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"Fogarasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea M\u0103n\u0103stur 3\u20135, RO-400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9917-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Fogarasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, RO-400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Street, RO-400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113962","article-title":"Prevalence, bio\u2013serotype, antibiotic susceptibility and genotype of Yersinia enterocolitica and other Yersinia species isolated from retail and processed meats in Shaanxi Province, China","volume":"168","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734586","article-title":"Effects of Mentha longifolia extract on some blood and immune parameters, and disease resistance against yersiniosis in rainbow trout","volume":"515","author":"Heydari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101712","article-title":"Evidence on 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