{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:50:09Z","timestamp":1760244609429,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045664","2019R1F1A1041058","2021R1A2C1009129","2022R1A2B5B02001886","2022R1A2C1007320","2019-0147-02","2019-0511-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045664","2019R1F1A1041058","2021R1A2C1009129","2022R1A2B5B02001886","2022R1A2C1007320","2019-0147-02","2019-0511-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002462","name":"Chungnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045664","2019R1F1A1041058","2021R1A2C1009129","2022R1A2B5B02001886","2022R1A2C1007320","2019-0147-02","2019-0511-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045664","2019R1F1A1041058","2021R1A2C1009129","2022R1A2B5B02001886","2022R1A2C1007320","2019-0147-02","2019-0511-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygenated water (OW) contains more oxygen than normal drinking water. It may induce oxygen enrichment in the blood and reduce oxidative stress. Hypoxia and oxidative stress could be involved in epilepsy. We aimed to examine the effects of OW-treated vs. control on four rodent models of epilepsy: (1) prenatal betamethasone priming with postnatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-triggered spasm, (2) no prenatal betamethasone, (3) repetitive kainate injection, and (4) intraperitoneal pilocarpine. We evaluated, in (1) and (2), the latency to onset and the total number of spasms; (3) the number of kainate injections required to induce epileptic seizures; (4) spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) (numbers and duration). In model (1), the OW-treated group showed significantly increased latency to onset and a decreased total number of spasms; in (2), OW completely inhibited spasms; in (3), the OW-treated group showed a significantly decreased number of injections required to induce epileptic seizures; and in (4), in the OW-treated group, the duration of a single SRS was significantly reduced. In summary, OW may increase the seizure threshold. Although the underlying mechanism remains unclear, OW may provide an adjunctive alternative for patients with refractory epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T02:24:53Z","timestamp":1668565493000},"page":"14124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oxygenated Water Increases Seizure Threshold in Various Rodent Seizure Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hyeok Hee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7536-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Yeon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyewon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3530-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Jung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7691-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Woon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9572-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee-Jung","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital and College of Medicine, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joon Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3949","article-title":"Treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy treated with established and new antiepileptic drugs: A 30-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlik, M.J., Miziak, B., Walczak, A., Konarzewska, A., Chro\u015bci\u0144ska-Krawczyk, M., Albrecht, J., and Czuczwar, S.J. 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Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/22\/14124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:04Z","timestamp":1760145544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/22\/14124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232214124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232214124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}