{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:24:06Z","timestamp":1782134646853,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018BBF33001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018BBF33001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016692","name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31772817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016692","name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018BBF33001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018BBF33001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine endometritis is a reproductive disorder that is induced by mucus or purulent inflammation of the uterine mucosa. However, the intracellular control chain during inflammatory injury remains unclear. In the present study, we found that E. coli activated the inflammatory response through the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of the NF-\u03baB p65 subunit in primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEECs). Infection with E. coli also led to an abnormal increase in cytoplasmic calcium and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, live-cell imaging of calcium reporters indicated that the increase in cytosolic calcium mainly was caused by the release of Ca2+ ions stored in the ER and mitochondria, which was independent of extracellular calcium. Cytoplasmic calcium regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain transmission, DNA replication, and biogenesis. Pretreatment with NAC, BAPTA-AM, or 2-APB reduced the expression of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18. Moreover, ERS was involved in the regulation of bovine endometritis and cytosolic calcium was an important factor for regulating ERS in E. coli-induced inflammation. Finally, activation of autophagy inhibited the release of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18, cytochrome c, ATP, ERS-related proteins, and cytoplasmic calcium. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that autophagy mediated E. coli-induced cellular inflammatory injury by regulating cytoplasmic calcium, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ERS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:05:21Z","timestamp":1668654321000},"page":"14174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Autophagy Mediates Escherichia Coli-Induced Cellular Inflammatory Injury by Regulating Calcium Mobilization, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rendong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengjie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6815-4418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huatao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115227","article-title":"Tolerance and Innate Immunity Shape the Development of Postpartum Uterine Disease and the Impact of Endometritis in Dairy Cattle","volume":"7","author":"Sheldon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. 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