{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T19:06:51Z","timestamp":1783796811340,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud de la Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["PECOVID-0200-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PECOVID-0200-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D (VD) is a fat-soluble vitamin, and pivotal for maintaining health. Several genetic markers have been related to a deficient VD status; these markers could confer an increased risk to develop osteoporosis and other chronic diseases. A VD deficiency could also be a determinant of a severe COVID-19 disease. This study aimed to interrogate genetic\/biological databases on the biological implications of a VD deficiency and its association with diseases, to further explore its link with COVID-19. The genetic variants of both a VD deficiency and COVID-19 were identified in the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) catalog and other sources. We conducted enrichment analyses (considering corrected p-values &lt; 0.05 as statistically significant) of the pathways, and gene-disease associations using tools, such as FUMA, REVIGO, DAVID and DisGeNET, and databases, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO). There were 26 and 46 genes associated with a VD deficiency and COVID-19, respectively. However, there were no genes shared between the two. Genes related to a VD deficiency were involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, retinol, drugs and xenobiotics, and were associated with the metabolic syndrome and related factors (obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus), as well as with neoplasms. There were few enriched pathways and disease connections for the COVID-19-related genes, among which some of the aforementioned comorbidities were also present. In conclusion, genetic factors that influence the VD levels in the body are most prominently associated with nutritional and metabolic diseases. A VD deficiency in high-risk populations could be therefore relevant in a severe COVID-19, underlining the need to examine whether a VD supplementation could reduce the severity of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:29:50Z","timestamp":1668742190000},"page":"14256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19: A Biological Database Study on Pathways and Gene-Disease Associations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Alcal\u00e1-Santiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) \u2018Jos\u00e9 Mataix\u2019, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Barranco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Epidemiology (CNE), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology (CNM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7663-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) \u2018Jos\u00e9 Mataix\u2019, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio 4, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0428-2426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Molina-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) \u2018Jos\u00e9 Mataix\u2019, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.11.1258","article-title":"Metabolism of Vitamin D: Current Status","volume":"29","author":"DeLuca","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. 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