{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:06:57Z","timestamp":1782958017962,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15 EY029098 01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15 EY029098 01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus causes several detrimental effects on the ocular surface, including compromised barrier function and an increased risk of infections. The glycocalyx plays a vital role in barrier function. The present study was designed to test the effect of a high glucose level on components of glycocalyx. Stratified human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells were exposed to a high glucose concentration for 24 and 72 h. Changes in Mucin (MUC) 1, 4, 16 expression were quantified using real-time PCR and ELISA. Rose bengal and jacalin staining were used to assess the spatial distribution of MUC16 and O-glycosylation. Changes in the gene expression of five glycosyltransferases and forty-two proteins involved in cell proliferation and the cell cycle were also quantified using PCR and a gene array. High glucose exposure did not affect the level or spatial distribution of membrane-tethered MUC 1, 4, and 16 either in the corneal or conjunctival epithelial cells. No change in gene expression in glycosyltransferases was observed, but a decrease in the gene expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation and the cell cycle was observed. A high-glucose-mediated decrease in gene expression of proteins involved in cellular proliferation of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells may be one of the mechanisms underlying a diabetes-associated decrease in ocular surface\u2019s glycocalyx.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:29:50Z","timestamp":1668742190000},"page":"14289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impact of High Glucose on Ocular Surface Glycocalyx Components: Implications for Diabetes-Associated Ocular Surface Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Metwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.4","article-title":"A systematic review on the impact of diabetes mellitus on the ocular surface","volume":"7","author":"Shih","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. 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