{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:23:33Z","timestamp":1782851013574,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural Science","award":["PJ015953012022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ015953012022"]}]},{"name":"2021 the RDA Fellowship program of the National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration Republic of Korea","award":["PJ015953012022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ015953012022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bumble bees are important alternative pollinators and model insects due to their highly developed sociality and colony management. In order to better understand their molecular mechanisms, studies focusing on the genetic and molecular aspects of their development and behavior are needed. Although quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) can be used to quantify the relative expression of target genes, internal reference genes (which are stably expressed across different lines and tissues) must first be identified to ensure the accurate normalization of target genes. In order to contribute to molecular studies on bumble bees, we used Bombus terrestris to determine the expression stability of eight reference genes (\u03b2-actin (ACT), Arginine Kinase (AK), Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), Elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1), Ribosomal proteins (S5, S18, S28) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)) in five different lines and several tissues (ovary, thorax, fat body, and head) using RT-qPCR procedures and four analysis programs (RefFinder, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and geNorm). In general, the S28, S5, and S18 ribosomal protein genes and the PLA2 and EF-1 genes showed the highest stability and were therefore identified as suitable reference genes for the bumble bee species and their defined lines and tissues. Our results also emphasized the need to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes for any differently designed lines and tissue conditions in bumble bee species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1668999141000},"page":"14371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Reference Genes for Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis in Tissues from Bumble Bees (Bombus Terrestris) of Different Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kathannan","family":"Sankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Joo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Bo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Apiculture, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development of Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2013.06.003","article-title":"Economic gain, stability of pollination and bee diversity decrease from southern to northern Europe","volume":"14","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Appl. 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