{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:49:59Z","timestamp":1790034599036,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH-NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 HL140049-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 HL140049-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH-NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL161386-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL161386-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is a hallmark of obesity and vascular dysfunction. We sought to test the hypothesis that VD deficiency may contribute to obesity-related vascular dysfunction by inducing adipokine hypomethylation and augmented expression. To this end, we collected blood and adipose tissues (ATs) from a cohort of 77 obese participants who were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe VD deficiency. The body composition, vascular reactivity, cardiometabolic profiles, and DNA methylation of 94 inflammation-related adipokines were measured. Our results show that higher degrees of VD deficiency were associated with lower DNA methylation and induced the expression of inflammatory adipokines such as B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 (CXCL8), histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), interleukin 12A (IL12A), and nuclear factor \u03baB (NF\u03baB) in the ATs. They were also associated with higher BMI and total and visceral fat mass, impaired insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, AT hypoxia, and higher concentrations of circulating inflammatory markers. Moderate and severe VD deficiency correlated with impaired vasoreactivity of the brachial artery and AT-isolated arterioles, reduced nitric oxide generation, and increased arterial stiffness. In a multivariate regression analysis, the VD deficiency level strongly predicted the adipokine methylation score, systemic inflammation, and microvascular dysfunction. In conclusion, our findings suggest that VD deficiency is a possible contributor to obesity-related adipokine hypomethylation, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1668999141000},"page":"14377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Obesity-Associated Vitamin D Deficiency Correlates with Adipose Tissue DNA Hypomethylation, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Imaduddin","family":"Mirza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariej","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hania","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duaa","family":"Elsabbahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amier","family":"Munasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Naquiallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Abdulbaseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Masrur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco M.","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8085-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, 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