{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:55:46Z","timestamp":1791320146209,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]],"date-time":"2022-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31672584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31672584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucella transfers effectors into host cells, manipulating cellular processes to its advantage; however, the mechanism by which effectors regulate cellular processes during infection is poorly understood. A growing number of studies have shown that apoptosis and autophagy are critical mechanisms for target cells to cope with pathogens and maintain cellular homeostasis. BtpB is a Brucella type IV secretion system effector with a complex mechanism for manipulating host infection. Here, we show that the ectopic expression of BtpB promoted DNA fragmentation. In contrast, an isogenic mutant strain, \u0394btpB, inhibited apoptosis compared to the wild-type strain B. suis S2 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, BtpB inhibited autophagy, as determined by LC3-II protein levels, the number of LC3 puncta, and p62 degradation. We also found that BtpB reduced autophagolysosome formation and blocked the complete autophagic flux. Moreover, our results revealed that the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, reduces Brucella\u2019s intracellular survival. Overall, our data unveil new mechanisms of virulence implicating the effector BtpB in regulating host intracellular infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:05:11Z","timestamp":1668999911000},"page":"14439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Brucella BtpB Manipulates Apoptosis and Autophagic Flux in RAW264.7 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Junmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyi","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.116","article-title":"Brucella suis strain 2 vaccine is safe and protective against heterologous Brucella spp. infections","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090110-102905","article-title":"Interactions of the human pathogenic Brucella species with their hosts","volume":"65","author":"Atluri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. 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