{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T02:06:42Z","timestamp":1783044402538,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"epartment of Immunology and Theranostics of the City of Hope and the Fundacio\u03ccn Instituto de Inmunolog\u00eda de Colombia (FIDIC)"},{"name":"Medical School of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed malaria parasite affecting humans worldwide, causing ~5 million cases yearly. Despite the disease\u2019s extensive burden, there are gaps in the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which P. vivax invades reticulocytes. In contrast, this crucial step is better understood for P. falciparum, the less widely distributed but more often fatal malaria parasite. This discrepancy is due to the difficulty of studying P. vivax\u2019s exclusive invasion of reticulocytes, which represent 1\u20132% of circulating cells. Its accurate targeting mechanism has not yet been clarified, hindering the establishment of long-term continuous in vitro culture systems. So far, only three reticulocyte invasion pathways have been characterised based on parasite interactions with DARC, TfR1 and CD98 host proteins. However, exposing the parasite\u2019s alternative invasion mechanisms is currently being considered, opening up a large field for exploring the entry receptors used by P. vivax for invading host cells. New methods must be developed to ensure better understanding of the parasite to control malarial transmission and to eradicate the disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on cellular and molecular mechanisms of P. vivax\u2019s merozoite invasion to contribute to a better understanding of the parasite\u2019s biology, pathogenesis and epidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1669105528000},"page":"14528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Black Box of Cellular and Molecular Events of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Invasion into Reticulocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Molina-Franky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Inmunolog\u00eda de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogot\u00e1 112111, Colombia"},{"name":"Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Inmunolog\u00eda de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogot\u00e1 112111, Colombia"},{"name":"Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Animal Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A), Bogot\u00e1 111166, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7498-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yelson Alejandro","family":"Pic\u00f3n Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Alba, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9506-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Kalkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4751-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Alfonso","family":"Patarroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Inmunolog\u00eda de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogot\u00e1 112111, Colombia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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