{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:41:22Z","timestamp":1790721682272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has represented, and still represents, a real challenge from a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic point of view. During acute infection, the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in the pathology of disease and the development of SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory disease syndrome, the life-threatening form of this infection, are correlated with patient survival and disease severity. IL-33, a key cytokine involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs, can increase airway inflammation, mucus secretion and Th2 cytokine synthesis in the lungs, following respiratory infections. Similar to cases of exposure to known respiratory virus infections, exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces the expression of IL-33, correlating with T-cell activation and lung disease severity. In this work, we analyse current evidence regarding the immunological role of IL-33 in patients affected by COVID-19, to evaluate not only the clinical impact correlated to its production but also to identify possible future immunological therapies that can block the most expressed inflammatory molecules, preventing worsening of the disease and saving patient lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1669105528000},"page":"14532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["IL-33 and the Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: From a Potential Immunological Relationship towards Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5062-3076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Furci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, University of Verona and Verona University Hospital, 37124 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Murdaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Allegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7524-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Gammeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianenrico","family":"Senna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma Centre and Allergy Unit, University of Verona and Verona University Hospital, 37124 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Verona University Hospital, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico G. Martino, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. 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