{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:36:28Z","timestamp":1787319388123,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21KJB230006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB230006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province","award":["32102682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102682"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education of Jiangsu Province","award":["21KJB230006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21KJB230006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The outbreaks caused by RNA and DNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox, pose serious threats to human health. The RLR and cGAS-STING pathways contain major cytoplasmic sensors and signaling transduction axes for host innate antiviral immunity. In physiological and virus-induced pathological states, the activation and inactivation of these signal axes are tightly controlled, especially post-translational modifications (PTMs). E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) are the direct manipulator of ubiquitin codons and determine the type and modification type of substrate proteins. Therefore, members of the E3s family are involved in balancing the host\u2019s innate antiviral immune responses, and their functions have been extensively studied over recent decades. In this study, we overviewed the mechanisms of different members of three E3s families that mediate the RLR and cGAS-STING axes and analyzed them as potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of virus-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T09:50:52Z","timestamp":1669197052000},"page":"14601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: The Operators of the Ubiquitin Code That Regulates the RLR and cGAS-STING Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Likai","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: Their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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