{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:29:10Z","timestamp":1791286150752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE, Republic of Korea) and National Research Foundation of Republic of Korea (NRF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), approximates the key histopathological, clinical, and immunological features of MS. Hippocampal dysfunction in MS and EAE causes varying degrees of cognitive and emotional impairments and synaptic abnormalities. However, the molecular alterations underlying hippocampal dysfunctions in MS and EAE are still under investigation. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hippocampus of mice with EAE in order to ascertain potential genes associated with hippocampal dysfunction. Gene expression in the hippocampus was analyzed by RNA-sequencing and validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Gene expression analysis revealed 1202 DEGs; 1023 were upregulated and 179 were downregulated in the hippocampus of mice with EAE (p-value &lt; 0.05 and fold change &gt;1.5). Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the upregulated genes in the hippocampi of mice with EAE were associated with immune system processes, defense responses, immune responses, and regulation of immune responses, whereas the downregulated genes were related to learning or memory, behavior, and nervous system processes in the GO biological process. The expressions of hub genes from the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes\/proteins (STRING) analysis were validated by RT-qPCR. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated genes in the hippocampus were associated with inflammatory responses: interferon-\u03b3 responses, allograft rejection, interferon-\u03b1 responses, IL6_JAK_STAT3 signaling, inflammatory responses, complement, IL2_STAT5 signaling, TNF-\u03b1 signaling via NF-\u03baB, and apoptosis, whereas the downregulated genes were related to synaptic plasticity, dendritic development, and development of dendritic spine. This study characterized the transcriptome pattern in the hippocampi of mice with EAE and signaling pathways underpinning hippocampal dysfunction. However, further investigation is needed to determine the applicability of these findings from this rodent model to patients with MS. Collectively, these results indicate directions for further research to understand the mechanisms behind hippocampal dysfunction in EAE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T04:58:50Z","timestamp":1669784330000},"page":"14829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Transcriptome Profiling in the Hippocampi of Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3753-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poornima D. E.","family":"Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joong-Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Choon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taekyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-0374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changjong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.14","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis\u2014A quiet revolution","volume":"11","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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