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Currently, it is not clear if these hallmarks are random processes associated only with genome instability or are programmatically linked. Our goal was to elucidate this via a thorough bioinformatics analysis of 1474 GG genes in the context of WGD. We examined their association in protein\u2013protein interaction and coexpression networks, and their phylostratigraphic profiles from publicly available patient tumour data. The results show that GG genes are upregulated in most WGD-enriched somatic cancers at the transcriptome level and reveal robust GG gene expression at the protein level, as well as the ability to associate into correlation networks and enrich the reproductive modules. GG gene phylostratigraphy displayed in WGD+ cancers an attractor of early eukaryotic origin for DNA recombination and meiosis, and one relative to oocyte maturation and embryogenesis from early multicellular organisms. The upregulation of cancer\u2013testis genes emerging with mammalian placentation was also associated with WGD. In general, the results suggest the role of polyploidy for soma\u2013germ transition accessing latent cancer attractors in the human genome network, which appear as pre-formed along the whole Evolution of Life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T01:52:20Z","timestamp":1669773140000},"page":"14930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Transcriptome and Proteome Networks of Malignant Tumours Reveal Atavistic Attractors of Polyploidy-Related Asexual Reproduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ninel M.","family":"Vainshelbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, The University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmen and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Salmina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3993-7939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dace","family":"Pjanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jekaterina","family":"Erenpreisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07493-4","article-title":"Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"349","author":"Murray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l5368","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5368","article-title":"Cancer overtakes CVD to become leading cause of death in high income countries","volume":"366","author":"Mahase","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2002.18803.x","article-title":"Cancer\/testis antigens: An expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"188","author":"Scanlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunol. 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