{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:35:00Z","timestamp":1781850900844,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Sichuan Province in China","award":["2021YJ0136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ0136"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Foundation of Sichuan Province in China","award":["2020YFSY0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFSY0052"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Agency of Sichuan Province in China","award":["2021YJ0136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ0136"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Agency of Sichuan Province in China","award":["2020YFSY0052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFSY0052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyzed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing data of two young (1 year old) and two adult (9 years old) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to characterize the genomic DNA methylation profile of the thymus and explore the molecular mechanism of age-related changes in the thymus. Combining the two-omics data, we identified correlations between DNA methylation and gene expression and found that DNA methylation played an essential role in the functional changes of the aging thymus, especially in immunity and coagulation. The hypomethylation levels of C3 and C5AR2 and the hypermethylation level of C7 may lead to the high expressions of these genes in adult rhesus macaque thymuses, thus activating the classical complement pathway and the alternative pathway and enhancing their innate immune function. Adult thymuses had an enhanced coagulation pathway, which may have resulted from the hypomethylation and upregulated expressions of seven coagulation-promoting factor genes (F13A1, CLEC4D, CLEC4E, FCN3, PDGFRA, FGF2 and FGF7) and the hypomethylation and low expression of CPB2 to inhibit the degradation of blood clots. Furthermore, the functional decline in differentiation, activation and maturation of T cells in adult thymuses was also closely related to the changes in methylation levels and gene expression levels of T cell development genes (CD3G, GAD2, ADAMDEC1 and LCK) and the thymogenic hormone gene TMPO. A comparison of the age-related methylated genes among four mammal species revealed that most of the epigenetic clocks were species-specific. Furthermore, based on the genomic landscape of allele-specific DNA methylation, we identified several age-related clustered sequence-dependent allele-specific DNA methylated (cS-ASM) genes. Overall, these DNA methylation patterns may also help to assist with understanding the mechanisms of the aging thymus with the epigenome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T01:52:20Z","timestamp":1669773140000},"page":"14984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profile Indicates Potential Epigenetic Regulation of Aging in the Rhesus Macaque Thymus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haobo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900662","article-title":"Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus","volume":"203","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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