{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:05:26Z","timestamp":1789085126127,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-264"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, characterised by the accumulation of senile plaques and tau tangles, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation in the brain. The development of AD is a pathological cascade starting according to the amyloid hypothesis with the accumulation and aggregation of the \u03b2-amyloid peptide (A\u03b2), which induces hyperphosphorylation of tau and promotes the pro-inflammatory activation of microglia leading to synaptic loss and, ultimately, neuronal death. Modelling AD-related processes is important for both studying the molecular basis of the disease and the development of novel therapeutics. The replication of these processes is often achieved with the use of a purified A\u03b2 peptide. However, A\u03b2 preparations obtained from different sources can have strikingly different properties. This review aims to compare the structure and biological effects of A\u03b2 oligomers and aggregates of a higher order: synthetic, recombinant, purified from cell culture, or extracted from brain tissue. The authors summarise the applicability of A\u03b2 preparations for modelling A\u03b2 aggregation, neurotoxicity, cytoskeleton damage, receptor toxicity in vitro and cerebral amyloidosis, synaptic plasticity disruption, and cognitive impairment in vivo and ex vivo. Further, the paper discusses the causes of the reported differences in the effect of A\u03b2 obtained from the sources mentioned above. This review points to the importance of the source of A\u03b2 for AD modelling and could help researchers to choose the optimal way to model the A\u03b2-induced abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1669792227000},"page":"15036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Synthetic, Cell-Derived, Brain-Derived, and Recombinant \u03b2-Amyloid: Modelling Alzheimer\u2019s Disease for Research and Drug Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kseniya B.","family":"Varshavskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Mitkevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Makarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny P.","family":"Barykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Vavilov St. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.07.004","article-title":"Therapeutics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Past, present and future","volume":"76","author":"Anand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.28","article-title":"Amyloid beta: Structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. 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