{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:21:59Z","timestamp":1792804919216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance has become a major public health concern around the world. This is exacerbated by the non-discovery of novel drugs, the development of resistance mechanisms in most of the clinical isolates of bacteria, as well as recurring infections, hindering disease treatment efficacy. In vitro data has shown that antibiotic combinations can be effective when microorganisms are resistant to individual drugs. Recently, advances in the direction of combination therapy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections have embraced antibiotic combinations and the use of nanoparticles conjugated with antibiotics. Nanoparticles (NPs) can penetrate the cellular membrane of disease-causing organisms and obstruct essential molecular pathways, showing unique antibacterial mechanisms. Combined with the optimal drugs, NPs have established synergy and may assist in regulating the general threat of emergent bacterial resistance. This review comprises a general overview of antibiotic combinations strategies for the treatment of microbial infections. The potential of antibiotic combinations with NPs as new entrants in the antimicrobial therapy domain is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1669792227000},"page":"15038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["The Potential of Antibiotics and Nanomaterial Combinations as Therapeutic Strategies in the Management of Multidrug-Resistant Infections: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4022-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwaseun Ola","family":"Adeniji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8517-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nolonwabo","family":"Nontongana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet Chiyem","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony Ifeanyi","family":"Okoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"368","article-title":"Increased multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli from hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.13.12","article-title":"Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Pendleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00539","article-title":"Emerging Strategies to Combat ESKAPE Pathogens in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Mulani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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