{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:13:45Z","timestamp":1790108025517,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund ERDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK.01.2.1.02.0289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.2.1.02.0289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund ERDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A010071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A010071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"project \u201cIsolation of biologically active protein from human plasma by using the monolith chromatography method\u201d","award":["KK.01.2.1.02.0289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.2.1.02.0289"]}]},{"name":"project \u201cIsolation of biologically active protein from human plasma by using the monolith chromatography method\u201d","award":["A010071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A010071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with cancer are more susceptible to a higher risk of coronavirus infection and its severe complications than the general population. In addition, these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the management of cancer patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and the safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge generated from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic on the vulnerability of cancer patients to the coronavirus disease, as well as the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in this population. We also discuss the available data on the effects of anticancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors on the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients. Special attention in this review will be given to patients with lung cancer, as such patients are at an increased risk for severe effects from COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T03:03:41Z","timestamp":1669863821000},"page":"15067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Dragan","family":"Trivanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hematology, General Hospital Pula, Santorijeva 24a, 52100 Pula, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagreba\u010dka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0045-1269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljka","family":"Per\u0161uri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Maruli\u0107a 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Agaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagreba\u010dka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4815-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Jakopovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, KBC Zagreb-Jordanovac Clinic for Lung Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Samar\u017eija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, KBC Zagreb-Jordanovac Clinic for Lung Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lela","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Respiratory Diseases Jordanovac, KBC Zagreb-Jordanovac Clinic for Lung Diseases, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kre\u0161imir","family":"Paveli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Zagreba\u010dka 30, 52100 Pula, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.08.251","article-title":"FP13.03 The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Lung Cancer Screening Programs in the United States","volume":"16","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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