{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:52:56Z","timestamp":1783723976071,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hospital da Luz Lisboa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 1\u20132% of women and is defined as having experienced two or more failed pregnancies. In almost 50% of cases, the causes are idiopathic (IRPL), but increasing evidence has suggested an immunological cause. B cells are known to provide crucial support for a successful pregnancy outcome. However, their involvement in the mechanisms underlying IRPL is still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively summarise the existing evidence regarding the levels and profiles of B cells in IRPL. An extensive computerized search in PubMed\/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed with no imposed limits. Two reviewers independently screened all retrieved studies, extracted all the data, and assessed the methodological quality. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. From a total of 1125 retrieved studies, 19 studies were included in the systematic review, and 8 studies were quantitatively analysed. We highlight a potential association between women with IRPL and increased levels of endometrial B cells. In addition, the flow cytometry technique seems to be preferred over immunohistochemistry for identifying those differences, while further studies are necessary to clarify the role of B cells as an immunological risk factor for RPL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T01:42:21Z","timestamp":1670204541000},"page":"15200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Association of B Cells with Idiopathic Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"\u00c2ngelo-Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Sim\u00f5es","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"ciTechCare\u2014Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Imunoallergy, LUZ SA\u00daDE, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, 1500-650 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0831-2741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LUZ SA\u00daDE, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, 1500-650 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). 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