{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:32:10Z","timestamp":1789428730569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["DE 631\/15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE 631\/15-1"]}]},{"name":"The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["297333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["297333"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["DE 631\/15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE 631\/15-1"]}]},{"name":"Research Council of Norway","award":["297333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["297333"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The placenta is a temporary organ with a unique structure and function to ensure healthy fetal development. Placental dysfunction is involved in pre-eclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A diabetic state affects maternal and fetal health and may lead to functional alterations of placental metabolism, inflammation, hypoxia, and weight, amplifying the fetal stress. The placental molecular adaptations to the diabetic environment and the adaptive spatio\u2013temporal consequences to elevated glucose or insulin are largely unknown (2). We aimed to identify gene expression signatures related to the diabetic placental pathology of placentas from women with diabetes mellitus. Human placenta samples (n = 77) consisting of healthy controls, women with either gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and women with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes and superimposed PE were collected. Interestingly, gene expression differences quantified by total RNA sequencing were mainly driven by fetal sex rather than clinical diagnosis. Association of the principal components with a full set of clinical patient data identified fetal sex as the single main explanatory variable. Accordingly, placentas complicated by type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed only few differentially expressed genes, while possible effects of GDM and diabetic pregnancy complicated by PE were not identifiable in this cohort. We conclude that fetal sex has a prominent effect on the placental transcriptome, dominating and confounding gene expression signatures resulting from diabetes mellitus in settings of well-controlled diabetic disease. Our results support the notion of placenta as a sexual dimorphic organ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T01:47:46Z","timestamp":1670377666000},"page":"15388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Placental Transcriptome Profiling in Subtypes of Diabetic Pregnancies Is Strongly Confounded by Fetal Sex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Kedziora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Obermayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryam","family":"Sugulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Herse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4032-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Kr\u00e4ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immaculate M.","family":"Langmia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik N.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Cathrine","family":"Staff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Beule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Dechend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"HELIOS Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, 13125 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0372-6","article-title":"Tracking placental development in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Aplin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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