{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T12:54:15Z","timestamp":1782305655853,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Addiction Research at the University of Miami Brain Bank, Department of Neurology (Addiction Research Fund)","award":["93018770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93018770"]}]},{"name":"the University of Miami Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","award":["93018770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93018770"]}]},{"name":"St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia","award":["93018770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93018770"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cocaine is a powerful psychostimulant that is one of the most widely used illicit addictive. The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a major role in mediating cocaine\u2019s reward effect. Decreases in DAT expression increase rates of drug abuse and vulnerability to comorbid psychiatric disorders. We used the novel DAT transgenic rat model to study the effects of cocaine on locomotor behaviors in adolescent rats, with an emphasis on sex. Female rats showed higher response rates to cocaine at lower acute and chronic doses, highlighting a higher vulnerability and perceived gender effects. In contrast, locomotor responses to an acute high dose of cocaine were more marked and sustained in male DAT heterozygous (HET) adolescents. The results demonstrate the augmented effects of chronic cocaine in HET DAT adolescent female rats. Knockout (KO) DAT led to a level of hyperdopaminergia which caused a marked basal hyperactivity that was unchanged, consistent with a possible ceiling effect. We suggest a role of alpha synuclein (\u03b1-syn) and PICK 1 protein expressions to the increased vulnerability in female rats. These proteins showed a lower expression in female HET and KO rats. This study highlights gender differences associated with mutations which affect DAT expression and can increase susceptibility to cocaine abuse in adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T01:47:46Z","timestamp":1670377666000},"page":"15414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Heterozygote Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats Display Enhanced Cocaine Locomotion in Adolescent Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0808-1303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul R.","family":"Gainetdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Biomedicine and St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah C","family":"Mash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Izenwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.1.189","article-title":"Dopamine receptors: From structure to function","volume":"78","author":"Missale","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. 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