{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:20:05Z","timestamp":1768551605619,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"funds from the Mexican Government (Programa Presupuestal P016, Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federaci\u00f3n)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, disease progression leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) may be driven by immune dysregulation. We explored the role of urinary cytokines and their relationship with kidney stress biomarkers in COVID-19 patients before and after the development of AKI. Of 51 patients, 54.9% developed AKI. The principal component analysis indicated that in subclinical AKI, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interferon (IFN)-\u03b1 were associated with a lower risk of AKI, while interleukin-12 (IL-12) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1\u03b2 were associated with a higher risk of AKI. After the manifestation of AKI, EGF and IFN-\u03b1 remained associated with a lower risk of AKI, while IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and IL-5 were associated with a higher risk of AKI. EGF had an inverse correlation with kidney stress biomarkers. Subclinical AKI was characterized by a significant up-regulation of kidney stress biomarkers and proinflammatory cytokines. The lack of EGF regenerative effects and IFN-\u03b1 antiviral activity seemed crucial for renal disease progression. AKI involved a proinflammatory urinary cytokine storm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T01:47:46Z","timestamp":1670377666000},"page":"15419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Longitudinal Analysis of Urinary Cytokines and Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients with Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Casas-Aparicio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9208-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Alvarado-de la Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Escamilla-Illescas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Medicina, Fundaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica Sur. Puente de Piedra 29, Col. Toriello Guerra, Ciudad de Mexico 14040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Le\u00f3n-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perla Mariana","family":"Del R\u00edo-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. 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Secci\u00f3n XVI, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Figueroa-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Cl\u00ednico, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy B.","family":"Peralta-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. 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