{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:10:55Z","timestamp":1790349055848,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human placental lactogen (hPL) is a placental hormone which appears to have key metabolic functions in pregnancy. Preclinical studies have putatively linked hPL to maternal and fetal outcomes, yet\u2014despite human observational data spanning several decades\u2014evidence on the role and importance of this hormone remains disparate and conflicting. We aimed to explore (via systematic review and meta-analysis) the relationship between hPL levels, maternal pre-existing and gestational metabolic conditions, and fetal growth. MEDLINE via OVID, CINAHL plus, and Embase were searched from inception through 9 May 2022. Eligible studies included women who were pregnant or up to 12 months post-partum, and reported at least one endogenous maternal serum hPL level during pregnancy in relation to pre-specified metabolic outcomes. Two independent reviewers extracted data. Meta-analysis was conducted where possible; for other outcomes narrative synthesis was performed. 35 studies met eligibility criteria. No relationship was noted between hPL and gestational diabetes status. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, hPL levels appeared lower in early pregnancy (possibly reflecting delayed placental development) and higher in late pregnancy (possibly reflecting increased placental mass). Limited data were found in other pre-existing metabolic conditions. Levels of hPL appear to be positively related to placental mass and infant birthweight in pregnancies affected by maternal diabetes. The relationship between hPL, a purported pregnancy metabolic hormone, and maternal metabolism in human pregnancy is complex and remains unclear. This antenatal biomarker may offer value, but future studies in well-defined contemporary populations are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T06:14:00Z","timestamp":1670566440000},"page":"15621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Human Placental Lactogen in Relation to Maternal Metabolic Health and Fetal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kate","family":"Rassie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinky","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anju E.","family":"Joham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Teede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7356-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 1, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0607-5","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus: An updated overview","volume":"40","author":"Chiefari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sibiak, R., Gutaj, P., Wender-Ozegowska, E., Jankowski, M., Mozdziak, P., and Kempisty, B. (2020). Placental lactogen as a marker of maternal obesity, diabetes, and fetal growth abnormalities: Current knowledge and clinical perspectives. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041142"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1284353","article-title":"Prolactin and lactation as modifiers of diabetes risk in gestational diabetes","volume":"43","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-4-329","article-title":"Clinical counterpoint: The physiology of placental lactogen in human pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Handwerger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.132.2.8425500","article-title":"Effect of homologous placental lactogens, prolactins, and growth hormones on islet B-cell division and insulin secretion in rat, mouse, and human islets: Implication for placental lactogen regulation of islet function during pregnancy","volume":"132","author":"Brelje","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3356(21)00463-5","article-title":"The use of human placental lactogen in the antepartum monitoring of pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Spellacy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-197806000-00010","article-title":"Current status of human placental lactogen","volume":"21","author":"Hobbins","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834c800d","article-title":"Placental hormones and the control of maternal metabolism and fetal growth","volume":"18","author":"Newbern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e055257","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055257","article-title":"Lactogenic hormones in relation to maternal metabolic health in pregnancy and postpartum: Protocol for a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Rassie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schardt, C., Adams, M.B., Owens, T., Keitz, S., and Fontelo, P. (2007). Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-7-16"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"MCHRI (2013). Evidence Synthesis Program Templates for Critical Appraisal and Risk of Bias (Adapted from Critical Appraisal Templates, Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, Southern Health, Melbourne 2010), Monash University and Monash Health."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., D\u2019Amico, R., Sowden, A., and Sakarovitch, C. (2003). Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technol. Assess, 7.","DOI":"10.3310\/hta7270"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(84)90020-0","article-title":"Placental lactogen, progesterone, total estriol and prolactin plasma levels in pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Botta","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-1-3","article-title":"Comparison of serum placental protein hormone levels in diabetic and normal pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Braunstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01219509","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of unconjugated estrone, estradiol-17beta and estriol, and HCS throughout pregnancy in diabetics and gestational diabetics","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"1976","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"155","article-title":"Serum levels of human placental lactogen, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and endometrial secretory protein PP14 in first trimester of diabetic pregnancy","volume":"77","author":"Pedersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Et Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"119","article-title":"High levels of growth hormone and human placental lactogen in pregnancy complicated by diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00253576","article-title":"Metabolic control and serum hormone levels in relation to retinopathy in diabetic pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Larinkari","year":"1982","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb02415.x","article-title":"A longitudinal study of circulating progesterone, oestradiol, hCG and hPL during pregnancy in type 1 diabetic mothers","volume":"96","author":"Stewart","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1977.tb12555.x","article-title":"Plasma human placental lactogen profiles over 24 hours in normal and diabetic pregnancy","volume":"84","author":"Gillmer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(75)90580-3","article-title":"Metabolic control in diabetic pregnancy. Variations in plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, glycerol, ketone bodies, insulin, and human chorionic somatomammotropin during the last trimester","volume":"122","author":"Persson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00250153","article-title":"Correlation of serum unconjugated oestriol to red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in diabetic pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Madsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"330","article-title":"Human placental lactogen levels and daily insulin requirements in patients with diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Spellacy","year":"1973","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-877","article-title":"In vivo insulin action in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic pregnant women as assessed by the insulin clamp technique","volume":"61","author":"Schmitz","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"E522","article-title":"Downregulated IRS-1 and PPARgamma in obese women with gestational diabetes: Relationship to FFA during pregnancy","volume":"282","author":"Catalano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"382","article-title":"Elevated levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen between 11\u201313 weeks\u2019 gestation and subsequent pregnancy complications in Omani women","volume":"25","author":"Krolikowski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a0c88b","article-title":"Glycosylated fibronectin as a first-trimester biomarker for prediction of gestational diabetes","volume":"122","author":"Rasanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngala, R.A., Fondjo, L.A., Gmagna, P., Awe, M.A., and Ghartey, F.N. (2017). Placental peptides metabolism and maternal factors as predictors of risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women. A case-control study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181613"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"4251","article-title":"Effect of human placental lactogen hormone and some physiological parameter changes association with fetal sex in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Jawad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell. Arch."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000010225","article-title":"Hormonal parameters in gestational diabetes mellitus during the third trimester: High glucagon levels","volume":"49","author":"Grigorakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1402","article-title":"Evaluation of Circulating Determinants of Beta-Cell Function in Women with and without Gestational Diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XII. The effect of oral glucose on plasma concentrations of human placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin during late pregnancy in normal subjects and gestational diabetics","volume":"10","author":"Surmaczynska","year":"1974","journal-title":"Isr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1068-607X(98)00112-7","article-title":"Combining human placental lactogen with routine glucose challenge tests","volume":"5","author":"Henderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prim. Care Update Ob Gyns"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90087-0","article-title":"Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and somatomedin C levels in normal pregnant women, in pregnant women with gestational diabetes, and in umbilical cord blood of mature and premature infants","volume":"153","author":"Samaan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"365","article-title":"Human placental lactogen concentration during physiological fluctuations of serum glucose in normal pregnant and gestational diabetic women","volume":"80","author":"Kuhl","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90019-F","article-title":"Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnant women","volume":"169","author":"Catalano","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000292468","article-title":"Growth hormone-binding protein in plasma is inversely correlated to placental lactogen and augmented with increasing body mass index in healthy pregnant women and women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"38","author":"Luthman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.7.2207","article-title":"TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy","volume":"51","author":"Kirwan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3109\/01443618009067674","article-title":"Carbohydrate profiles in two groups of mothers with differing perinatal mortality","volume":"1","author":"Benny","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290490","article-title":"Adipose tissue development \u2018in utero\u2019. Relationships between some nutritional and hormonal factors and body fat mass enlargement in newborns","volume":"18","author":"Enzi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1971.tb01633.x","article-title":"Changes in levels of serum non esterified fatty acid and blood glucose in pregnancy","volume":"78","author":"Fairweather","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3109\/01443619209013602","article-title":"Glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and birth size in Asian and European mothers","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0043","article-title":"Maternal Serum Prolactin and Prediction of Postpartum \u03b2-Cell Function and Risk of Prediabetes\/Diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(76)90885-1","article-title":"Relation of obstetric parameters to the concentrations of four pregnancy-associated plasma proteins at term in normal gestation","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"75","article-title":"Correlation of HPL and total estrogen in complicated pregnancies and the influence of maternal weight on HPL result","volume":"46","author":"McCarrick","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.10.5.594","article-title":"Macrosomia in pregnancy complicated by insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Small","year":"1987","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348609161482","article-title":"Is the early growth delay in the diabetic pregnancy accompanied by a delay in placental development?","volume":"65","author":"Pedersen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Et Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1974.tb00446.x","article-title":"Glucose-insulin interaction and the modulation of human placental lactogen (hPL) secretion during pregnancy","volume":"81","author":"Gaspard","year":"1974","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90179-5","article-title":"Feasibility of maintaining normal glucose profiles in insulin-dependent pregnant diabetic women","volume":"68","author":"Jovanovic","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5858.80","article-title":"Placental Lactogen Levels in Diabetic Pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Ursell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"123","article-title":"Current Status of Human placental lactogen","volume":"5","author":"Varner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Huhtaniemi, I., and Martini, L. (2018). Pregnancy Endocrinology. Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Adaptation of islets of Langerhans to pregnancy: Increased islet cell proliferation and insulin secretion correlates with the onset of placental lactogen secretion","volume":"130","author":"Parsons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979040","article-title":"Adaptation of islets of Langerhans to pregnancy: Beta-cell growth, enhanced insulin secretion and the role of lactogenic hormones","volume":"29","author":"Sorenson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1809-6","article-title":"Adaptive changes in pancreatic beta cell fractional area and beta cell turnover in human pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2013.0009","article-title":"Prolactin receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with gestational diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196907312810501","article-title":"Serum placental lactogen (HPL) levels as an index of placental function","volume":"281","author":"Saxena","year":"1969","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(68)90075-6","article-title":"Human placental lactogen (HPL) and placental weight","volume":"101","author":"Sciarra","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(84)80026-0","article-title":"Relationship of maternal and fetal levels of human placental lactogen to the weight and sex of the fetus","volume":"5","author":"Houghton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.34.2.S71","article-title":"Relationships of infant birth size to maternal lipoproteins, apoproteins, fuels, hormones, clinical chemistries, and body weight at 36 weeks gestation","volume":"34","author":"Knopp","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"50","article-title":"Prediction of fetal growth based on maternal serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen and estriol","volume":"76","author":"Markestad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Et Gynecol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00407","article-title":"Biomarkers for Macrosomia Prediction in Pregnancies Affected by Diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Nahavandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R837","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00311.2015","article-title":"Development of ovine chorionic somatomammotropin hormone-deficient pregnancies","volume":"310","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0093","article-title":"Chorionic somatomammotropin impacts early fetal growth and placental gene expression","volume":"237","author":"Jeckel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Placental growth hormone (GH), GH-binding protein, and insulin-like growth factor axis in normal, growth-retarded, and diabetic pregnancies: Correlations with fetal growth","volume":"85","author":"McIntyre","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0023","article-title":"Differential expression profile of growth hormone\/chorionic somatomammotropin genes in placenta of small- and large-for-gestational-age newborns","volume":"95","author":"Mannik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/15621\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:37:11Z","timestamp":1760146631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/15621"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232415621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232415621","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]}}}