{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:28:59Z","timestamp":1762079339818,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2011-220-E00022","2019R1A2C2089518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2011-220-E00022","2019R1A2C2089518"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microinjection of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide 55\u2013102 into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core significantly attenuates psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity. However, the molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. We examined the phosphorylation levels of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3\u03b2 (GSK3\u03b2), and glutamate receptor 1 (GluA1) in NAcc core tissues obtained 60 min after microinjection of CART peptide 55\u2013102 into this site, followed by systemic injection of amphetamine (AMPH). Phosphorylation levels of Akt at Thr308 and GSK3\u03b2 at Ser9 were decreased, while those of GluA1 at Ser845 were increased, by AMPH treatment. These effects returned to basal levels following treatment with CART peptide 55\u2013102. Furthermore, the negative regulatory effects of the CART peptide on AMPH-induced changes in phosphorylation levels and locomotor activity were all abolished by pretreatment with the S9 peptide, an artificially synthesized indirect GSK3\u03b2 activator. These results suggest that the CART peptide 55\u2013102 in the NAcc core plays a negative regulatory role in AMPH-induced locomotor activity by normalizing the changes in phosphorylation levels of Akt-GSK3\u03b2, and subsequently GluA1 modified by AMPH at this site. The present findings are the first to reveal GSK3\u03b2 as a key regulator of the inhibitory role of the CART peptide in psychomotor stimulant-induced locomotor activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T01:42:27Z","timestamp":1670809347000},"page":"15633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3\u03b2 Is a Key Regulator in the Inhibitory Effects of Accumbal Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Peptide 55\u2013102 on Amphetamine-Induced Locomotor Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Bo Ram","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wha Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Kyong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Bio-Pharm Solutions Co., Ltd., Suwon-si 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of In Vitro Diagnostic Devices, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju-si 28159, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(97)00212-3","article-title":"Further studies on the anatomical distribution of CART by in situ hybridization","volume":"12","author":"Couceyro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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