{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:04:45Z","timestamp":1792033485977,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]],"date-time":"2022-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13GW0303D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13GW0303D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium and stainless steel are commonly known as osteosynthesis materials with high strength and good biocompatibility. However, they have the big disadvantage that a second operation for hardware removal is necessary. Although resorbable systems made of polymers or magnesium are increasingly used, they show some severe adverse foreign body reactions or unsatisfying degradation behavior. Therefore, we started to investigate molybdenum as a potential new biodegradable material for osteosynthesis in craniomaxillofacial surgery. To characterize molybdenum as a biocompatible material, we performed in vitro assays in accordance with ISO Norm 10993-5. In four different experimental setups, we showed that pure molybdenum and molybdenum rhenium alloys do not lead to cytotoxicity in human and mouse fibroblasts. We also examined the degradation behavior of molybdenum by carrying out long-term immersion tests (up to 6 months) with molybdenum sheet metal. We showed that molybdenum has sufficient mechanical stability over at least 6 months for implants on the one hand and is subject to very uniform degradation on the other. The results of our experiments are very promising for the development of new resorbable osteosynthesis materials for craniomaxillofacial surgery based on molybdenum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T01:42:27Z","timestamp":1670809347000},"page":"15710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Molybdenum as a Potential Biocompatible and Resorbable Material for Osteosynthesis in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery\u2014An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Toschka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral-, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"P\u00f6hle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Quadbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Medical Engineering and Computer Science (EMI), Offenburg University, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph V.","family":"Suschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Strau\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Redlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden, 01277 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majeed","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral-, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comino-Garayoa, R., Cort\u00e9s-Bret\u00f3n Brinkmann, J., Pel\u00e1ez, J., L\u00f3pez-Su\u00e1rez, C., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., and Su\u00e1rez, M.J. (2020). Allergies to Titanium Dental Implants: What Do We Really Know about Them? A Scoping Review. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9110404"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.76B5.8083255","article-title":"Widespread dissemination of metal debris from implants","volume":"76-B","author":"Case","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. Vol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2022.03.010","article-title":"Treatment of Sagittal Fracture of the Mandibular Condyle Using Resorbable-Screw Osteosynthesis","volume":"80","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.01.001","article-title":"Biodegradable metals","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"262","article-title":"In-vivo evaluation of molybdenum as bioabsorbable stent candidate","volume":"14","author":"Morath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(87)90194-7","article-title":"Resorbable poly(L-lactide) plates and screws for the fixation of zygomatic fractures","volume":"45","author":"Bos","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824dbed8","article-title":"New resorbable plate and screw system in pediatric craniofacial surgery","volume":"23","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200011040-00019","article-title":"Zygomaticomaxillary fracture repair with resorbable plates and screws","volume":"11","author":"Eppley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000132856.69391.43","article-title":"Resorbable PLLA-PGA plate and screw fixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery: Clinical experience in 1883 patients","volume":"114","author":"Eppley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda, Y., Karino, M., Okui, T., and Kanno, T. (2021). Complications of Poly-l-Lactic Acid and Polyglycolic Acid (PLLA\/PGA) Osteosynthesis Systems for Maxillofacial Surgery: A Retrospective Clinical Investigation. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13060889"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2010.05.001","article-title":"Stability of fixation of diacapitular fractures of the mandibular condylar process by ultrasound-aided resorbable pins (SonicWeld Rx\u00ae System) in pigs","volume":"49","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/159101999800400412","article-title":"Letter. \u201cCorrosion\u201d of tungsten spirals. A disturbing finding","volume":"4","author":"Weill","year":"1998","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s002700010104","article-title":"Endovascular embolization of varicoceles: Resorption of tungsten coils in the spermatic vein","volume":"23","author":"Barrett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Intervent Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.73.870.10911782","article-title":"In vivo degradation of tungsten embolisation coils","volume":"73","author":"Butler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-002-0825-1","article-title":"Biodegradation of tungsten embolisation coils used in children","volume":"32","author":"Kampmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00352-6","article-title":"Degradation of tungsten coils implanted into the subclavian artery of New Zealand white rabbits is not associated with local or systemic toxicity","volume":"24","author":"Peuster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00274-6","article-title":"Biocompatibility of corroding tungsten coils: In vitro assessment of degradation kinetics and cytotoxicity on human cells","volume":"24","author":"Peuster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5088(69)90047-2","article-title":"Yielding and fracture in tungsten and tungsten-rhenium alloys","volume":"17","author":"Raffo","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Less Common Met."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-009-0107-6","article-title":"Properties of tungsten-rhenium and tungsten-rhenium with hafnium carbide","volume":"61","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08302","article-title":"Molybdenum cofactors, enzymes and pathways","volume":"460","author":"Schwarz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13165","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R113.455311","article-title":"The molybdenum cofactor","volume":"288","author":"Mendel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.031","article-title":"Molybdenum\u2014A biodegradable implant material for structural applications?","volume":"104","author":"Redlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201301847","article-title":"Dissolvable Metals for Transient Electronics","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.05.027","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of micron-sized powder particles of molybdenum metal, iron metal, molybdenum oxides and ferromolybdenum\u2014Importance of surface oxides","volume":"72","author":"Hedberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1217","article-title":"Molybdenum absorption and utilization in humans from soy and kale intrinsically labeled with stable isotopes of molybdenum","volume":"69","author":"Turnlund","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(199905\/06)19:3<185::AID-JAT555>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Assessment of molybdenum toxicity in humans","volume":"19","author":"Vyskocil","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31789","article-title":"Analysis of metal ion-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and necrosis in human (Jurkat) T-cells demonstrates Ni2+ and V3+ are more toxic than other metals: Al3+, Be2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mo5+, Nb5+, Zr2+","volume":"86","author":"Caicedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B4.14368","article-title":"Wear debris from hip or knee replacements causes chromosomal damage in human cells in tissue culture","volume":"86","author":"Daley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redlich, C., Schauer, A., Scheibler, J., Poehle, G., Barthel, P., Maennel, A., Adams, V., Weissgaerber, T., Linke, A., and Quadbeck, P. (2021). In Vitro Degradation Behavior and Biocompatibility of Bioresorbable Molybdenum. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11050761"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-006-0177-9","article-title":"Ductility and impact resistance of powder-metallurgical molybdenum-rhenium alloys","volume":"37","author":"Leichtfried","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(95)00468-8","article-title":"A model for the transpassivity of molybdenum in acidic sulphate solutions based on ac impedance measurements","volume":"41","author":"Bojinov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.12.022","article-title":"Mechanism of anodic oxidation of molybdenum in nearly-neutral electrolytes studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"56","author":"Petrova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schauer, A., Redlich, C., Scheibler, J., Poehle, G., Barthel, P., Maennel, A., Adams, V., Weissgaerber, T., Linke, A., and Quadbeck, P. (2021). Biocompatibility and Degradation Behavior of Molybdenum in an In Vivo Rat Model. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14247776"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111952","article-title":"The impact of non-toxic blue light (453 nm) on cellular antioxidative capacity, TGF-\u03b21 signaling, and myofibrogenesis of human skin fibroblasts","volume":"209","author":"Krassovka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00205-9","article-title":"Osteoblasts response to allogenic and xenogenic solvent dehydrated cancellous bone in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Trentz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4809","article-title":"Effect of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) and fondaparinux (Arixtra) on human osteoblasts in vitro","volume":"92","author":"Handschin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1971.10665963","article-title":"Toxic Effects of Trace Elements on the Reproduction of Mice and Rats","volume":"23","author":"Schroeder","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health Int. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/15710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:38:05Z","timestamp":1760146685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/15710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232415710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232415710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]}}}