{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:32:12Z","timestamp":1762079532800,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]],"date-time":"2022-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Competitive State Research Funding of the Expert Responsibility Area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9U028","9V028","9X024","9AA039","SAT113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9U028","9V028","9X024","9AA039","SAT113"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9lius Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9U028","9V028","9X024","9AA039","SAT113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9U028","9V028","9X024","9AA039","SAT113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Only 3\u20135% of heavy alcohol users develop acute alcohol pancreatitis (AAP). This suggests that additional triggers are required to initiate the inflammatory process. Genetic susceptibility contributes to the development of AAP, and SPINK1 mutation is a documented risk factor. We investigated the prevalence of the SPINK1(N34S) mutation in patients with AAP compared to heavy alcohol users who had never suffered an episode of pancreatitis. Blood samples for the mutational analysis from patients with first episode (n = 60) and recurrent AAP (n = 43) and from heavy alcohol users without a history of AAP (n = 98) as well as from a control population (n = 1914) were obtained. SPINK1 mutation was found in 8.7% of the patients with AAP. The prevalence was significantly lower in healthy controls (3.4%, OR 2.72; 1.32\u20135.64) and very low in alcoholics without pancreatitis (1.0%, OR 9.29; 1.15\u201374.74). In a comparison adjusted for potential cofounders between AAP patients and alcoholics, SPINK1 was found to be an independent marker for AAP. The prevalence of the SPINK1 mutation is overrepresented in AAP patients and very low in alcoholics without pancreatitis. This finding may play a role in understanding the variable susceptibility to AAP found in heavy alcohol users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T01:42:27Z","timestamp":1670809347000},"page":"15726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pancreatic Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor (SPINK1) Gene Mutation in Patients with Acute Alcohol Pancreatitis (AAP) Compared to Healthy Controls and Heavy Alcohol Users without Pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anssi","family":"Nikkola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"M\u00e4kel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedicine, Oulu University, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Herzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedicine, Oulu University, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivaprakash","family":"Mutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedicine, Oulu University, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Prasannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedicine, Oulu University, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Sepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terho","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, 33520 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Raitakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilkka","family":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, 33520 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pihla","family":"Pakkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, 00260 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isto","family":"Nordback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juhani","family":"Sand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Laukkarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2017.01.005","article-title":"The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across Europe","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpa.0000236727.16370.99","article-title":"The incidence and case-fatality rates of acute biliary, alcoholic, 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