{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:36:34Z","timestamp":1790019394667,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":279,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1H1A2091911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1H1A2091911"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases. Numerous anticancer medications have been developed to target the molecular pathways driving cancer. However, there has been no discernible increase in the overall survival rate in cancer patients. Therefore, innovative chemo-preventive techniques and agents are required to supplement standard cancer treatments and boost their efficacy. Fruits and vegetables should be tapped into as a source of compounds that can serve as cancer therapy. Phytochemicals play an important role as sources of new medication in cancer treatment. Some synthetic and natural chemicals are effective for cancer chemoprevention, i.e., the use of exogenous medicine to inhibit or impede tumor development. They help regulate molecular pathways linked to the development and spread of cancer. They can enhance antioxidant status, inactivating carcinogens, suppressing proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest and death, and regulating the immune system. While focusing on four main categories of plant-based anticancer agents, i.e., epipodophyllotoxin, camptothecin derivatives, taxane diterpenoids, and vinca alkaloids and their mode of action, we review the anticancer effects of phytochemicals, like quercetin, curcumin, piperine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and gingerol. We examine the different signaling pathways associated with cancer and how inflammation as a key mechanism is linked to cancer growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T01:56:06Z","timestamp":1670896566000},"page":"15765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Phytochemicals as Chemo-Preventive Agents and Signaling Molecule Modulators: Current Role in Cancer Therapeutics and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Bilal","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman Ul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Peshawar, Street 1, Sector F 5 Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3136-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah A. A.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha 65527, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, M310, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haseeb","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5841-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Sup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2174\/187152012803833026","article-title":"Plants vs. cancer: A review on natural phytochemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their druggability","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.029","article-title":"Overview of mechanisms of cancer chemopreventive agents","volume":"591","author":"Ferguson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.08.034","article-title":"Analysis of anticancer drugs: A review","volume":"85","author":"Nussbaumer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600139","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.600139","article-title":"Cinnamomum Species: Bridging Phytochemistry Knowledge, Pharmacological Properties and Toxicological Safety for Health Benefits","volume":"12","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18010322","article-title":"Molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of phytochemicals: An update","volume":"18","author":"Bellik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1251390","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, and food legumes: A review","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Liang, H., Clarke, E., Jackson, C., and Xue, M. (2016). Inflammation in Chronic Wounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122085"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span","volume":"25","author":"Furman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.06.040","article-title":"Combinatorial resveratrol and quercetin polymeric micelles mitigate doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"213","author":"Cote","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1077195","article-title":"Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health","volume":"57","author":"Kocaadam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4972","article-title":"Piper nigrum and piperine: An update","volume":"27","author":"Meghwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"731","article-title":"Effects of green tea and its epigallocatechin (EGCG) content on body weight and fat mass in humans: A systematic review","volume":"34","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41342-6_8","article-title":"Gingerol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases","volume":"929","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"100718","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy resistance based on immune checkpoints inhibitors: Targets, biomarkers, and remedies","volume":"53","author":"Melero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates Rev. Comment. Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.01.001","article-title":"Overview of the oncogenic signaling pathways in colorectal cancer: Mechanistic insights","volume":"58","author":"Farooqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118907","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Treatment: Are We on the Right Track?","volume":"77","author":"Gasparri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.03.009","article-title":"Perspectives on natural compounds in chemoprevention and treatment of cancer: An update with new promising compounds","volume":"149","author":"Haque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.34374","article-title":"The Power of Phytochemicals Combination in Cancer Chemoprevention","volume":"11","author":"Rizeq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.04.004","article-title":"Dietary cancer-chemopreventive compounds: From signaling and gene expression to pharmacological effects","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52517","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9593","article-title":"Dietary phytochemicals and cancer chemoprevention: A review of the clinical evidence","volume":"7","author":"Kotecha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michl, C., Vivarelli, F., Weigl, J., De Nicola, G.R., Canistro, D., Paolini, M., Iori, R., and Rascle, A. (2016). The Chemopreventive Phytochemical Moringin Isolated from Moringa oleifera Seeds Inhibits JAK\/STAT Signaling. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157430"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad, N., Usmani, D., Tarique, M., Naz, H., Ashraf, M., Raliya, R., Tabrez, S., Zughaibi, T.A., Alsaieedi, A., and Hakeem, I.J. (2022). The Role of Natural Products and Their Multitargeted Approach to Treat Solid Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142209"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pralea, I.E., Petrache, A.M., Tigu, A.B., Gulei, D., Moldovan, R.C., Ilie\u0219, M., Nicoar\u0103, R., Heghe\u0219, S.C., Uif\u0103lean, A., and Iuga, C.A. (2022). Phytochemicals as Regulators of Tumor Glycolysis and Hypoxia Signaling Pathways: Evidence from In Vitro Studies. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070808"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639628","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.639628","article-title":"Phytochemicals as a Complement to Cancer Chemotherapy: Pharmacological Modulation of the Autophagy-Apoptosis Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6897","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01173","article-title":"Phytocompounds Targeting Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: An Assessment of Role, Mechanisms, Pathways, and Therapeutic Relevance","volume":"69","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wee, P., and Wang, Z. (2017). Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9050052"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: From bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04963-x","article-title":"The role of the PI3K\/AKT signalling pathway in the corneal epithelium: Recent updates","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiau, J.P., Chuang, Y.T., Tang, J.Y., Yang, K.H., Chang, F.R., Hou, M.F., Yen, C.Y., and Chang, H.W. (2022). The Impact of Oxidative Stress and AKT Pathway on Cancer Cell Functions and Its Application to Natural Products. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091845"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan Mohd Tajuddin, W.N.B., Lajis, N.H., Abas, F., Othman, I., and Naidu, R. (2019). Mechanistic Understanding of Curcumin\u2019s Therapeutic Effects in Lung Cancer. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122989"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12452","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits proliferation, triggers apoptosis and modulates Akt\/mTOR and MAP kinase pathways in HeLa cells","volume":"21","author":"Raina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.H., Chang, C.Y., Lee, K.R., Lin, H.J., Chen, T.H., and Wan, L. (2015). Flavones inhibit breast cancer proliferation through the Akt\/FOXO3a signaling pathway. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1965-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abid, R., Ghazanfar, S., Farid, A., Sulaman, S.M., Idrees, M., Amen, R.A., Muzammal, M., Shahzad, M.K., Mohamed, M.O., and Khaled, A.A. (2022). Pharmacological Properties of 4\u2032,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone (Apigenin) and Its Impact on Cell Signaling Pathways. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27134304"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81815-2","article-title":"Sulforaphane induces S-phase arrest and apoptosis via p53-dependent manner in gastric cancer cells","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.119.018440","article-title":"Targeting Janus Kinases and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 to Treat Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Cancer: Rationale, Progress, and Caution","volume":"72","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalkova, R., Mirossay, L., Gazdova, M., Kello, M., and Mojzis, J. (2021). Molecular Mechanisms of Antiproliferative Effects of Natural Chalcones. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112730"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"6133","article-title":"Isoliquiritigenin inhibits cell proliferation and migration through the PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in A549 lung cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"3355","article-title":"Isobavachalcone exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human liver cancer cells by targeting the ERKs\/RSK2 signaling pathway","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00762-6","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signalling: Function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00990-3","article-title":"Targeting the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4547","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13758","article-title":"WNT signalling events near the cell membrane and their pharmacological targeting for the treatment of cancer","volume":"174","author":"Driehuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, L.F.S., Predes, D., Borges, H.L., and Abreu, J.G. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Naturally Occurring Small Molecules to Target the Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020403"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Curcumin and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in exudative age-related macular degeneration (Review)","volume":"49","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842295","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.842295","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicines as Effective Reversals of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Induced-Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Targets and Mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.038","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway mediates (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibition of lung cancer stem cells","volume":"482","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90412-3","article-title":"Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene","volume":"80","author":"Miyashita","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Kaur, S., Dhiman, S., Singh, P.P., Bhatia, G., Thakur, S., Tuli, H.S., Sharma, U., Kumar, S., and Almutary, A.G. (2022). Targeting Akt\/NF-\u03baB\/p53 Pathway and Apoptosis Inducing Potential of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Bis (2-Methyl Propyl) Ester Isolated from Onosma bracteata Wall. against Human Osteosarcoma (MG-63) Cells. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113478"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.169","article-title":"How does p53 induce apoptosis and how does this relate to p53-mediated tumour suppression?","volume":"25","author":"Aubrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-01895-w","article-title":"Targeting AKT with costunolide suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer cells and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. CR"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2013.795981","article-title":"Epicatechin gallate induces cell death via p53 activation and stimulation of p38 and JNK in human colon cancer SW480 cells","volume":"65","author":"Bravo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10315","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S255586","article-title":"Delicaflavone Reverses Cisplatin Resistance via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.03.005","article-title":"Regulation of micro-RNA, epigenetic factor by natural products for the treatment of cancers: Mechanistic insight and translational association","volume":"29","author":"Javaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0116-z","article-title":"Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Li, N., Wang, T.M., and Di, L. (2021). Natural Products with Activity against Lung Cancer: A Review Focusing on the Tumor Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910827"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Caballero, M., Torres-Vargas, J.A., Marrero, A.D., Mart\u00ednez-Poveda, B., Medina, M., and Quesada, A.R. (2022). Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020256"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharifi-Rad, M., Pezzani, R., Redaelli, M., Zorzan, M., Imran, M., Ahmed Khalil, A., Salehi, B., Sharopov, F., Cho, W.C., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2020). Preclinical Pharmacological Activities of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Signaling Pathways: An Update on Cancer. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030467"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2005.06.006","article-title":"Chemical structure of flavonols in relation to modulation of angiogenesis and immune-endothelial cell adhesion","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1267775","article-title":"Quercetin Attenuates Cell Survival, Inflammation, and Angiogenesis via Modulation of AKT Signaling in Murine T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"69","author":"Maurya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ci, Y., Qiao, J., and Han, M. (2016). Molecular Mechanisms and Metabolomics of Natural Polyphenols Interfering with Breast Cancer Metastasis. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21121634"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amawi, H., Ashby, C.R., Samuel, T., Peraman, R., and Tiwari, A.K. (2017). Polyphenolic Nutrients in Cancer Chemoprevention and Metastasis: Role of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal (EMT) Pathway. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080911"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costea, T., Hudi\u021b\u0103, A., Ciolac, O.A., G\u0103l\u0103\u021beanu, B., Ginghin\u0103, O., Costache, M., Ganea, C., and Mocanu, M.M. (2018). Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer by Dietary Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123787"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaikwad, S., and Srivastava, S.K. (2021). Role of Phytochemicals in Perturbation of Redox Homeostasis in Cancer. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010083"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1868-7083-3-4","article-title":"Dietary phytochemicals, HDAC inhibition, and DNA damage\/repair defects in cancer cells","volume":"3","author":"Rajendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-006-0198-2","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate induced apoptosis in Sarcoma180 cells in vivo: Mediated by p53 pathway and inhibition in U1B, U4-U6 UsnRNAs expression","volume":"11","author":"Manna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"789","article-title":"Ablation of either p21 or Bax prevents p53-dependent apoptosis induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"19","author":"Hastak","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.12.035","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by black tea and its polyphenol theaflavin","volume":"230","author":"Kundu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.02.001","article-title":"Retraction notice to \u201cTheaflavins induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells is mediated through induction of p53, down-regulation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways\u201d [Life Sci. 18\/23 (2007) 2137-2146]","volume":"219","author":"Kalra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062320t","article-title":"Berry phenolic extracts modulate the expression of p21(WAF1) and Bax but not Bcl-2 in HT-29 colon cancer cells","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00433-4","article-title":"Involvement of cyclin-dependent pathway in the inhibitory effect of delphinidin on angiogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Favot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)01568-X","article-title":"Delphinidin inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and cell cycle progression through a transient activation of ERK-1\/-2","volume":"65","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"48","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in brain cancer: Current state and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Juric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-007-9421-4","article-title":"Curcumin induces G2\/M cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner and upregulates ING4 expression in human glioma","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"217","article-title":"The anti-cancer efficacy of curcumin scrutinized through core signaling pathways in glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocito, M.C., De Luca, A., Prestia, F., Avena, P., La Padula, D., Zavaglia, L., Sirianni, R., Casaburi, I., Puoci, F., and Chimento, A.J.B. (2021). Antitumoral Activities of Curcumin and Recent Advances to ImProve Its Oral Bioavailability. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101476"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.09.009","article-title":"Induction of early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) by endoplasmic reticulum stress is mediated by the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) arm of the MAPK pathways","volume":"1866","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5222","article-title":"p21Waf1\/Cip1 expression by curcumin in U-87MG human glioma cells: Role of early growth response-1 expression","volume":"68","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.03.063","article-title":"DAPK1 modulates a curcumin-induced G2\/M arrest and apoptosis by regulating STAT3, NF-\u03baB, and caspase-3 activation","volume":"434","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799806","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.799806","article-title":"Research Progress of Carrier-Free Antitumor Nanoparticles Based on Phytochemicals","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatoprak, G., K\u00fcpeli Akkol, E., Gen\u00e7, Y., Bardakci, H., Y\u00fccel, \u00c7., and Sobarzo-S\u00e1nchez, E. (2020). Combretastatins: An Overview of Structure, Probable Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112560"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.4.263","article-title":"Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Modern Medical Breakthroughs","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2018.06.044","article-title":"Vinca alkaloids and analogues as anti-cancer agents: Looking back, peering ahead","volume":"28","author":"Martino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Farnsworth, N. (1985). Plants and Modern Medicine: Where Science and Folklore Meets, World Health Forum."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, R., Malhotra, P., Mathur, A.K., Mathur, A., Govil, C., and Ahuja, P.S. (2010). Therapeutic Perspective. Anticancer Alkaloids of Catharanthus Roseus: Transition from Traditional to Modern Medicine, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd., N.D.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/11166_21"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Foye, W.O. (1995). Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents, Amer Chemical Society."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199405030-00006","article-title":"Vinorelbine","volume":"5","author":"Goa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-2219","article-title":"Vinflunine: A new microtubule inhibitor agent","volume":"14","author":"Bennouna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.281","article-title":"A multicentre phase II trial of cabazitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer progressing after docetaxel-based chemotherapy","volume":"115","author":"Kotsakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.72.1068","article-title":"Cabazitaxel Versus Docetaxel As First-Line Therapy for Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial-FIRSTANA","volume":"35","author":"Oudard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00437a018","article-title":"On the mechanism of topoisomerase I inhibition by camptothecin: Evidence for binding to an enzyme-DNA complex","volume":"28","author":"Hertzberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2068","article-title":"CIP-36, a novel topoisomerase II-targeting agent, induces the apoptosis of multidrug-resistant cancer cells in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Itokawa, H., Takeya, K., and Lee, K.-H. (2006). Anticancer compounds from higher plants. Biomaterials from Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S145779","article-title":"Clinical utility of ingenol mebutate in the management of actinic keratosis: Perspectives from clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"Skroza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2002.00211.x","article-title":"The biology of the combretastatins as tumour vascular targeting agents","volume":"83","author":"Tozer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114647","article-title":"Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don: A review of its ethnobotany, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and toxicities","volume":"284","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, H.N.T., Vuong, Q.V., Bowyer, M.C., and Scarlett, C.J.J.T. (2020). Phytochemicals derived from Catharanthus roseus and their health benefits. Technologies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies8040080"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.14499\/indonesianjpharm30iss3pp147","article-title":"Anticancer molecules from Catharanthus roseus","volume":"30","author":"Taher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indones. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"31","article-title":"A basic review on Vinca rosea","volume":"I","author":"Allamsetty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20022973","article-title":"Indole alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus: Bioproduction and their effect on human health","volume":"20","author":"Almagro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"20","article-title":"A brief study on Catharanthus roseus: A review","volume":"2","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. J. Res. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202917666160808125645","article-title":"Natural Compounds as Modulators of Cell Cycle Arrest: Application for Anticancer Chemotherapies","volume":"18","author":"Orellana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.01.019","article-title":"Vindogentianine, a hypoglycemic alkaloid from Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae)","volume":"102","author":"Tiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Chen, W., Jiang, X., Liu, L., Wei, K., Du, H., Wang, H., and Li, J. (2019). Anticancer effects and underlying mechanism of Colchicine on human gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Biosci. Rep., 39.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20181802"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13228","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013228","article-title":"Lymphomas diagnosed in an internal medicine department compared to lymphomas diagnosed in other departments: Clinical and outcome differences","volume":"97","author":"Pernot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1089\/jayao.2018.0041","article-title":"High-Dose Vincristine Sulfate Liposome Injection, for Advanced, Relapsed, or Refractory Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in an Adolescent and Young Adult Subgroup of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Schiller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Young Adult Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maloney, S.M., Hoover, C.A., Morejon-Lasso, L.V., and Prosperi, J.R. (2020). Mechanisms of Taxane Resistance. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113323"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2369","article-title":"Tracking the ends: A dynamic protein network controls the fate of microtubule tips","volume":"9","author":"Akhmanova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(04)41002-X","article-title":"Microtubule-associated proteins and their essential roles during mitosis","volume":"241","author":"Maiato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e17-02-0124","article-title":"Tubulin isoform composition tunes microtubule dynamics","volume":"28","author":"Vemu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3481","article-title":"Tubulin acetylation protects long-lived microtubules against mechanical ageing","volume":"19","author":"Portran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20190123","article-title":"Tubulin heterogeneity regulates functions and dynamics of microtubules and plays a role in the development of drug resistance in cancer","volume":"476","author":"Prassanawar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wloga, D., Joachimiak, E., and Fabczak, H. (2017). Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications and Microtubule Dynamics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102207"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8764","article-title":"Microtubules acquire resistance from mechanical breakage through intralumenal acetylation","volume":"356","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"5024","article-title":"Tubulin detyrosination is a frequent occurrence in breast cancers of poor prognosis","volume":"61","author":"Mialhe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2692-z","article-title":"Increased \u03b1-tubulin1b expression indicates poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blenk, S., Engelmann, J.C., Pinkert, S., Weniger, M., Schultz, J., Rosenwald, A., M\u00fcller-Hermelink, H.K., M\u00fcller, T., and Dandekar, T. (2008). Explorative data analysis of MCL reveals gene expression networks implicated in survival and prognosis supported by explorative CGH analysis. BMC Cancer, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-8-106"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5606","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00439a040","article-title":"Identification of the cysteine residue of beta-tubulin alkylated by the antimitotic agent 2,4-dichlorobenzyl thiocyanate, facilitated by separation of the protein subunits of tubulin by hydrophobic column chromatography","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20455","article-title":"The beta isotypes of tubulin in neuronal differentiation","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20274","article-title":"The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human betaIII tubulin","volume":"65","author":"Joe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskelet."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4206","article-title":"High levels of class III \u03b2-tubulin expression are associated with aggressive tumor features in breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Lebok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3109\/10715761003667554","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in cancer","volume":"44","author":"Liou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.91.2.479","article-title":"Taxol binds to polymerized tubulin in vitro","volume":"91","author":"Parness","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI132184","article-title":"Taxane resistance in prostate cancer is mediated by decreased drug-target engagement","volume":"130","author":"Gjyrezi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20316","article-title":"The ability to survive mitosis in the presence of microtubule poisons differs significantly between human nontransformed (RPE-1) and cancer (U2OS, HeLa) cells","volume":"66","author":"Brito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskelet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2163","article-title":"The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and time","volume":"8","author":"Musacchio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.07.002","article-title":"Cancer cells display profound intra- and interline variation following prolonged exposure to antimitotic drugs","volume":"14","author":"Gascoigne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0433-9","article-title":"Cell cycle checkpoint in cancer: A therapeutically targetable double-edged sword","volume":"35","author":"Visconti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. CR"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serpico, A.F., and Grieco, D. (2020). Recent advances in understanding the role of Cdk1 in the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. F1000Research, 9.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21185.1"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"761","article-title":"Computational model of intracellular pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel","volume":"293","author":"Kuh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"16","article-title":"The clinical pharmacology of paclitaxel (Taxol)","volume":"20","author":"Rowinsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(91)90248-E","article-title":"Quantitation of cellular tubulin in microtubules and tubulin pools by a competitive ELISA","volume":"136","author":"Thrower","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00007a014","article-title":"Substoichiometric binding of taxol suppresses microtubule dynamics","volume":"34","author":"Derry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"816","article-title":"Mitotic block induced in HeLa cells by low concentrations of paclitaxel (Taxol) results in abnormal mitotic exit and apoptotic cell death","volume":"56","author":"Jordan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229ra43","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007965","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in breast cancer is due to chromosome missegregation on multipolar spindles","volume":"6","author":"Zasadil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-11-0974","article-title":"Taxol-stabilized microtubules can position the cytokinetic furrow in mammalian cells","volume":"16","author":"Shannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200906150","article-title":"Cells satisfy the mitotic checkpoint in Taxol, and do so faster in concentrations that stabilize syntelic attachments","volume":"186","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Rose, W.C. (1993). Taxol-based combination chemotherapy and other in vivo preclinical antitumor studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr., 47\u201353."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.18.1308","article-title":"Relationship of mitotic arrest and apoptosis to antitumor effect of paclitaxel","volume":"88","author":"Milross","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1634","article-title":"Increased antitumor activity, intratumor paclitaxel concentrations, and endothelial cell transport of cremophor-free, albumin-bound paclitaxel, ABI-007, compared with cremophor-based paclitaxel","volume":"12","author":"Desai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800047115","article-title":"Site occupancy calibration of taxane pharmacology in live cells and tissues","volume":"115","author":"Pineda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"4610","article-title":"Paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest assessed by serial fine-needle aspiration: Implications for early prediction of breast cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment","volume":"6","author":"Symmans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-21-0195","article-title":"Paclitaxel Induces Micronucleation and Activates Pro-Inflammatory cGAS-STING Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.21873\/cgp.20288","article-title":"The Mechanisms of the Growth Inhibitory Effects of Paclitaxel on Gefitinib-resistant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"18","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13395","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.13395","article-title":"Permanent hair loss associated with taxane chemotherapy use in breast cancer: A retrospective survey at two tertiary UK cancer centres","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1159\/000517818","article-title":"Taxane-Induced Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"e62","article-title":"Docetaxel-Induced Myositis","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol. Pract. Rep. Rheum. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000620","article-title":"Acute myositis: An unusual and severe side effect of docetaxel: A case report and literature review","volume":"29","author":"Rochigneux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4172","article-title":"Cabazitaxel multiple rechallenges in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Pobel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0534-z","article-title":"Nuclear envelope assembly defects link mitotic errors to chromothripsis","volume":"561","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170182","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170182","article-title":"Is inflammatory micronucleation the key to a successful anti-mitotic cancer drug?","volume":"7","author":"Mitchison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2567-0","article-title":"Exploiting immune-dependent effects of microtubule-targeting agents to improve efficacy and tolerability of cancer treatment","volume":"11","author":"Serpico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13126","article-title":"Microtubule destabilising agents: Far more than just antimitotic anticancer drugs","volume":"83","author":"Bates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, A., Durkin, A., and Lee, H. (2019). The Potential of Combining Tubulin-Targeting Anticancer Therapeutics and Immune Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030586"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413076","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/413076","article-title":"Paclitaxel and Its Evolving Role in the Management of Ovarian Cancer","volume":"2015","author":"Kampan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000601)88:11<2619::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Paclitaxel-induced cell death: Where the cell cycle and apoptosis come together","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"596","article-title":"Paclitaxel triggers cell death primarily via caspase-independent routes in the non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H460","volume":"8","author":"Huisman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2020.1716144","article-title":"The microtubule targeting agents eribulin and paclitaxel activate similar signaling pathways and induce cell death predominantly in a caspase-independent manner","volume":"19","author":"Reese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Cycle (Georget. Tex.)"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.03.049","article-title":"Improved melanoma suppression with target-delivered TRAIL and Paclitaxel by a multifunctional nanocarrier","volume":"325","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-013-9334-0","article-title":"The pharmacological bases of the antiangiogenic activity of paclitaxel","volume":"16","author":"Bocci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000236016","article-title":"Effect of low-dose Paclitaxel and docetaxel on endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"77","author":"Muta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modulating ROS to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer","volume":"41","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates Rev. Comment. Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164734","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3164734","article-title":"The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults","volume":"2016","author":"Nita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgs253","article-title":"Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 regulates the effects of paclitaxel on Stat3 activation and cellular survival in lung cancer cells","volume":"33","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758262","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2758262","article-title":"Upregulation of UCP2 Expression Protects against LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"2019","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6269","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S208938","article-title":"Paclitaxel-loaded biodegradable ROS-sensitive nanoparticles for cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Pandya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"1967","article-title":"Human non-small cell lung cancer cells can be sensitized to camptothecin by modulating autophagy","volume":"53","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichota, A., and Gwozdzinski, K. (2018). Anticancer Activity of Natural Compounds from Plant and Marine Environment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113533"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-016-0424-8","article-title":"A Quinone-Containing Compound Enhances Camptothecin-Induced Apoptosis of Lung Cancer through Modulating Endogenous ROS and ERK Signaling","volume":"65","author":"Chou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Et Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21342","article-title":"Perspectives on biologically active camptothecin derivatives","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2018.07.008","article-title":"Recent developments in topoisomerase-targeted cancer chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Hevener","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sinica. B"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3660","article-title":"Perspectives and controversies regarding the use of natural products for the treatment of lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_79_17","article-title":"Targeted Therapy: Attacking Cancer with Molecular and Immunological Targeted Agents","volume":"5","author":"Wilkes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1722","article-title":"Identification of mammalian DNA topoisomerase I as an intracellular target of the anticancer drug camptothecin","volume":"48","author":"Hsiang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706777585004","article-title":"Review camptothecin: Current perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-9598(03)60001-5","article-title":"Clinical studies of camptothecin and derivatives","volume":"60","author":"Soepenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alkaloids. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanbari-Movahed, M., Kaceli, T., Mondal, A., Farzaei, M.H., and Bishayee, A. (2021). Recent Advances in Improved Anticancer Efficacies of Camptothecin Nano-Formulations: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050480"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867311320120006","article-title":"Camptothecin resistance in cancer: Insights into the molecular mechanisms of a DNA-damaging drug","volume":"20","author":"Beretta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1977","article-title":"Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Camptothecins and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Pommier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2009.08.001","article-title":"Review role of topotecan in gynaecological cancers: Current indications and perspectives","volume":"74","author":"Lorusso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1021\/mp900243b","article-title":"Cancer therapies utilizing the camptothecins: A review of the in vivo literature","volume":"7","author":"Venditto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb07020.x","article-title":"Mechanism of action of camptothecin","volume":"922","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.12.085","article-title":"The long story of camptothecin: From traditional medicine to drugs","volume":"27","author":"Martino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0700-0","article-title":"A novel oral camptothecin analog, gimatecan, exhibits superior antitumor efficacy than irinotecan toward esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(96)00024-3","article-title":"Mutagenicity of anticancer drugs that inhibit topoisomerase enzymes","volume":"355","author":"Ferguson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3.3.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0303s57","article-title":"Topoisomerase assays","volume":"57","author":"Nitiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/00001813-199708000-00005","article-title":"Down-regulation of topoisomerase II by camptothecin does not prevent additive activity of the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Stahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"2350","article-title":"Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives are known to target topoisomerase I (Top1) as their mechanism of action: Did we miss something in CPT analogue molecular targets for treating human disease such as cancer?","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32222-6","article-title":"Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): A randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"394","author":"Dvorkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.17.7654","article-title":"Expression of a mutant DNA topoisomerase II in CCRF-CEM human leukemic cells selected for resistance to teniposide","volume":"88","author":"Bugg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.231","article-title":"Ectopic expression of inactive forms of yeast DNA topoisomerase II confers resistance to the anti-tumour drug, etoposide","volume":"73","author":"Vassetzky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podpeskar, A., Crazzolara, R., Kropshofer, G., Hetzer, B., Meister, B., M\u00fcller, T., and Salvador, C. (2021). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Role in Pediatric Cancer. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061800"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201700347","article-title":"Click Glycosylation for the Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazole-Linked Picropodophyllotoxin Glycoconjugates and Their Anticancer Activity","volume":"2","author":"Zi","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0635","article-title":"Picropodophyllotoxin or podophyllotoxin does not induce cell death via insulin-like growth factor-I receptor","volume":"67","author":"Linder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigiracciolo, D.C., Nohata, N., Lappano, R., Cirillo, F., Talia, M., Scordamaglia, D., Gutkind, J.S., and Maggiolini, M. (2020). Correction: Rigiracciolo, D.C.; et al. IGF-1\/IGF-1R\/FAK\/YAP Transduction Signaling Prompts Growth Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9041010"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6073","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0136","article-title":"HER2\/EGFR-AKT Signaling Switches TGF\u03b2 from Inhibiting Cell Proliferation to Promoting Cell Migration in Breast Cancer","volume":"78","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nop008","article-title":"Targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor by picropodophyllin as a treatment option for glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrasco-Garcia, E., Martinez-Lacaci, I., Mayor-L\u00f3pez, L., Tristante, E., Carballo-Santana, M., Garc\u00eda-Morales, P., Ventero Martin, M.P., Fuentes-Baile, M., Rodriguez-Lescure, \u00c1., and Saceda, M. (2018). PDGFR and IGF-1R Inhibitors Induce a G2\/M Arrest and Subsequent Cell Death in Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7090131"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, Z., Gohar, U.F., Jamshed, I., Mushtaq, A., Mukhtar, H., Zia-Ui-Haq, M., Toma, S.I., Manea, R., Moga, M., and Popovici, B. (2021). Podophyllotoxin: History, Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040603"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazumder, K., Aktar, A., Roy, P., Biswas, B., Hossain, M.E., Sarkar, K.K., Bachar, S.C., Ahmed, F., Monjur-Al-Hossain, A.S.M., and Fukase, K. (2022). A Review on Mechanistic Insight of Plant Derived Anticancer Bioactive Phytocompounds and Their Structure Activity Relationship. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27093036"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhou, Z., Luo, X., Luo, X., Luo, H., Luo, L., and Yang, W. (2021). Design and Synthesis of Novel Podophyllotoxins Hybrids and the Effects of Different Functional Groups on Cytotoxicity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010220"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-01-0293","article-title":"Inhibiting the IGF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase with the cyclolignan PPP: An in vitro and in vivo study in the 5T33MM mouse model","volume":"107","author":"Menu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00309","article-title":"Endophytic Fungi-Alternative Sources of Cytotoxic Compounds: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Uzma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-021-00251-y","article-title":"Bioactive molecules of endophytic fungi and their potential in anticancer drug development","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.alkal.2017.07.001","article-title":"Cephalotaxus alkaloids","volume":"78","author":"Quteishat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alkaloids Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilles, A., Frechin, L., Natchiar, K., Biondani, G., Loeffelholz, O.V., Holvec, S., Malaval, J.L., Winum, J.Y., Klaholz, B.P., and Peyron, J.F. (2020). Targeting the Human 80S Ribosome in Cancer: From Structure to Function and Drug Design for Innovative Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategies. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030629"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25318","article-title":"A phase II study of omacetaxine mepesuccinate for patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia after failure of hypomethylating agents","volume":"94","author":"Short","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLoughlin, E.C., and O\u2019Boyle, N.M. (2020). Colchicine-Binding Site Inhibitors from Chemistry to Clinic: A Review. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13010008"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100706","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202100706","article-title":"Styryl Group, a Friend or Foe in Medicinal Chemistry","volume":"17","author":"Bhurta","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq708","article-title":"Phase II trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate, carboplatin, and paclitaxel in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","volume":"22","author":"Zweifel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"65","article-title":"Inflammation-related carcinogenesis: Current findings in epidemiological trends, causes and mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Okada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yonago Acta Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29519","article-title":"HIF-1 at the crossroads of hypoxia, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"138","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524011313040007","article-title":"NFAT gene family in inflammation and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12356","article-title":"Tea polyphenols for the prevention of UVB-induced skin cancer","volume":"34","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0837-8_17","article-title":"The role of inflammation in skin cancer","volume":"816","author":"Maru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(98)00081-0","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol, a major pungent principle of ginger, on phorbol ester-induced inflammation, epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and skin tumor promotion in ICR mice","volume":"129","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00037-6","article-title":"Anti-tumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities: A short review","volume":"40","author":"Surh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900409","article-title":"6-Shogaol is more effective than 6-gingerol and curcumin in inhibiting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced tumor promotion in mice","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182429899","article-title":"Topical applications of caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors in mice","volume":"99","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2744(200007)28:3<148::AID-MC3>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activation by theaflavins from black tea","volume":"28","author":"Nomura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"3864","article-title":"Green tea polyphenol treatment to human skin prevents formation of ultraviolet light B-induced pyrimidine dimers in DNA","volume":"6","author":"Katiyar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2703","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Gajewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.149","article-title":"Innate immune signaling and regulation in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Corrales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.142","article-title":"NF-\u03baB, inflammation, immunity and cancer: Coming of age","volume":"18","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.013","article-title":"Cancer epigenetics: From mechanism to therapy","volume":"150","author":"Dawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02160","article-title":"Inflammation, a Double-Edge Sword for Cancer and Other Age-Related Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-018-0740-1","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"23","author":"Murata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1678-1","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation","volume":"574","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.06.001","article-title":"Transcriptional control of cancer metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Ell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.015","article-title":"Cancer epigenetics: Tumor heterogeneity, plasticity of stem-like states, and drug resistance","volume":"54","author":"Easwaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.10.014","article-title":"An epigenetic switch involving NF-kappaB, Lin28, Let-7 MicroRNA, and IL6 links inflammation to cell transformation","volume":"139","author":"Iliopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.10.027","article-title":"Metabolic exchanges within tumor microenvironment","volume":"380","author":"Chiarugi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035972","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells","volume":"109","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-05-1795","article-title":"Tumor-derived lactic acid modulates dendritic cell activation and antigen expression","volume":"107","author":"Gottfried","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.05.034","article-title":"Targeting Metabolism to Improve the Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Bader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2018.1444305","article-title":"Tumor-derived lactate induces M2 macrophage polarization via the activation of the ERK\/STAT3 signaling pathway in breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Mu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Cycle (Georget. Tex.)"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13490","article-title":"Functional polarization of tumour-associated macrophages by tumour-derived lactic acid","volume":"513","author":"Colegio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.05.020","article-title":"Lipoxin A4 and its analog suppress hepatocellular carcinoma via remodeling tumor microenvironment","volume":"309","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.016","article-title":"Decreasing risk of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease over 30 years","volume":"143","author":"Jess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-1926-2","article-title":"Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: Review of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctology"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz014","article-title":"IBD-associated Colon Cancers Differ in DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Profiles Compared with Sporadic Colon Cancers","volume":"13","author":"Pekow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3791","article-title":"Single-cell multiomics sequencing and analyses of human colorectal cancer","volume":"362","author":"Bian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2015.105","article-title":"Comparison of Tamsulosin, Nifedipine, and Placebo for Ureteric Colic","volume":"19","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cjem"},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"151","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection, Gastric Cancer and Gastropanel","volume":"54","author":"Loor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med. Rev. Roum. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12192","article-title":"Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation","volume":"260","author":"Bain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan4116","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan4116","article-title":"A common antimicrobial additive increases colonic inflammation and colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02048","article-title":"HBV-Induced Immune Imbalance in the Development of HCC","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61416-0","article-title":"Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer","volume":"370","author":"Schiffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0312-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota-stimulated cathepsin K secretion mediates TLR4-dependent M2 macrophage polarization and promotes tumor metastasis in colorectal cancer","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.058","article-title":"Innate Immune Training of Granulopoiesis Promotes Anti-tumor Activity","volume":"183","author":"Kalafati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5931","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5931","article-title":"Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via NKT cells","volume":"360","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1527167","article-title":"The intimate relationship between gut microbiota and cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Elkrief","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213511","article-title":"Maresin 1 improves the Treg\/Th17 imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis through miR-21","volume":"77","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i31.4383","article-title":"Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance","volume":"25","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S237","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.182154","article-title":"Quercetin Suppresses the Migration and Invasion in Human Colon Cancer Caco-2 Cells Through Regulating Toll-like Receptor 4\/Nuclear Factor-kappa B Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","article-title":"Inflammation and tumor progression: Signaling pathways and targeted intervention","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26538","article-title":"Phytosomal curcumin inhibits tumor growth in colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"233","author":"Marjaneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"180845","article-title":"A Critical Appraisal of Solubility Enhancement Techniques of Polyphenols","volume":"2014","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0098","article-title":"Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia","volume":"4","author":"Carroll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila. Pa.)"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0327","article-title":"Effects of ginger supplementation on cell-cycle biomarkers in the normal-appearing colonic mucosa of patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer: Results from a pilot, randomized, and controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Citronberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila. Pa.)"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000042259.23074.11","article-title":"Structural signaling regulates inflammation-induced enhanced restitution and increased Mib-1 and Bax-indexes after superficial injury in isolated guinea pig gastric mucosa","volume":"49","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.096271","article-title":"Quercetin may suppress rat aberrant crypt foci formation by suppressing inflammatory mediators that influence proliferation and apoptosis","volume":"139","author":"Warren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.153096","article-title":"Quercetin induces human colon cancer cells apoptosis by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B Pathway","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_274","unstructured":"Jain, M.A., and Sapra, A. (2021). Prostate cancer screening. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21147","article-title":"Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"70","author":"Ide","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0426-4","article-title":"Cancer stem cells as key drivers of tumour progression","volume":"25","author":"Ayob","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5639","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.11147","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-metastatic Activity of Curcumin","volume":"36","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2014.6","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial evaluating the effect of a polyphenol-rich whole food supplement on PSA progression in men with prostate cancer\u2014The U.K. NCRN Pomi-T study","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2016.1115527","article-title":"Effect of Curcumin Supplementation During Radiotherapy on Oxidative Status of Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Double Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"68","author":"Hejazi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/15765\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:39:55Z","timestamp":1760146795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/15765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"references-count":279,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232415765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232415765","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]}}}