{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:12:10Z","timestamp":1778692330657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychoceuticals have brought benefits to the pharmacotherapeutic management of central nervous system (CNS) illnesses since the 19th century. However, these drugs have potential side effects or lack high response rates. This review covers twenty drugs\u2019 biochemical mechanisms, benefits, risks, and clinical trial reports. For this study, medications from seven psychoceutical organizations were reviewed and evaluated. Nineteen drugs were chosen from the organizations, and one was selected from the literature. The databases used for the search were Pubmed, Google Scholar, and NIH clinical trials. In addition, information from the organizations\u2019 websites and other sources, such as news reports, were also used. From the list of drugs, the most common targets were serotonergic, opioid, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. These drugs have shown promise in psychiatric illnesses such as substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and neurological conditions, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease, traumatic brain injury, and neuroinflammation. Some of these drugs, however, are still early in development, so their therapeutic significance cannot be determined. These twenty drugs have promising benefits, but their clinical usage and efficacy must still be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T01:56:06Z","timestamp":1670896566000},"page":"15777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Key Characteristics and Development of Psychoceuticals: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Genaro Herrera","family":"Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7914-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Padilla","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyrena","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Hinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 475 Vine St, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon","family":"Lucke-Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.11.014","article-title":"Academic psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry","volume":"30","author":"Ban","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. 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