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for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["956185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["956185"]}]},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["398410809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["398410809"]}]},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["384170921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["384170921"]}]},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["417989143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["417989143"]}]},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["269018619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["269018619"]}]},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["431549029\u2014A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["431549029\u2014A01"]}]},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne","award":["233886668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["233886668"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Redox post-translational modifications are derived from fluctuations in the redox potential and modulate protein function, localization, activity and structure. Amongst the oxidative reversible modifications, the S-glutathionylation of proteins was the first to be characterized as a post-translational modification, which primarily protects proteins from irreversible oxidation. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that S-glutathionylation plays a key role in core cell processes, particularly in mitochondria, which are the main source of reactive oxygen species. S-nitrosylation, another post-translational modification, was identified &gt;150 years ago, but it was re-introduced as a prototype cell-signaling mechanism only recently, one that tightly regulates core processes within the cell\u2019s sub-compartments, especially in mitochondria. S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation are modulated by fluctuations in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and, in turn, orchestrate mitochondrial bioenergetics machinery, morphology, nutrients metabolism and apoptosis. In many neurodegenerative disorders, mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative\/nitrosative stresses trigger or exacerbate their pathologies. Despite the substantial amount of research for most of these disorders, there are no successful treatments, while antioxidant supplementation failed in the majority of clinical trials. Herein, we discuss how S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation interfere in mitochondrial homeostasis and how the deregulation of these modifications is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedreich\u2019s ataxia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T01:52:34Z","timestamp":1670982754000},"page":"15849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation in Mitochondria: Focus on Homeostasis and Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Vrettou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4051-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brunhilde","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020472","article-title":"Biological Activities of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: Oxidative Stress versus Signal Transduction","volume":"5","author":"Weidinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5716409","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5716409","article-title":"Protein Posttranslational Modifications: Roles in Aging and Age-Related Disease","volume":"2017","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. 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