{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:06:30Z","timestamp":1792789590336,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["2017, 2018, 2019 and 5\u2030 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017, 2018, 2019 and 5\u2030 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune metabolic disorder with onset in pediatric\/adolescent age, characterized by insufficient insulin production, due to a progressive destruction of pancreatic \u03b2-cells. Evidence on the correlation between the human gut microbiota (GM) composition and T1D insurgence has been recently reported. In particular, 16S rRNA-based metagenomics has been intensively employed in the last decade in a number of investigations focused on GM representation in relation to a pre-disease state or to a response to clinical treatments. On the other hand, few works have been published using alternative functional omics, which is more suitable to provide a different interpretation of such a relationship. In this work, we pursued a comprehensive metaproteomic investigation on T1D children compared with a group of siblings (SIBL) and a reference control group (CTRL) composed of aged matched healthy subjects, with the aim of finding features in the T1D patients\u2019 GM to be related with the onset of the disease. Modulated metaproteins were found either by comparing T1D with CTRL and SIBL or by stratifying T1D by insulin need (IN), as a proxy of \u03b2-cells damage, showing some functional and taxonomic traits of the GM, possibly related to the disease onset at different stages of severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T01:46:51Z","timestamp":1671155211000},"page":"15982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Functional and Taxonomic Traits of the Gut Microbiota in Type 1 Diabetes Children at the Onset: A Metaproteomic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Levi Mortera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Microbiome, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Marzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Microbiome, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Vernocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Microbiome, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Matteoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Guarrasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GenomeUp SRL, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Gardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GenomeUp SRL, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4204-4736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Del Chierico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Microbiome, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Novella","family":"Rapini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Deodati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Fierabracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cianfarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes & Growth Disorders Unit, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children Health, Karolisnska Institute, University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza","family":"Putignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Microbiome, Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Human Microbiome, Department of Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Atkinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Marca, V., Gianchecchi, E., and Fierabracci, A. 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