{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:12:06Z","timestamp":1773954726001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Endowment from Drs. Chantal and Peritz Scheinberg","award":["20K09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006827","name":"Florida Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking-derived nicotine (N) and oral contraceptive (OC) synergistically exacerbate ischemic brain damage in females, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In a previous study, we showed that N + OC exposure altered brain glucose metabolism in females. Since lipid metabolism complements glycolysis, the current study aims to examine the metabolic fingerprint of fatty acids in the brain of female rats exposed to N+\/\u2212OC. Adolescent and adult Sprague\u2013Dawley female rats were randomly (n = 8 per group) exposed to either saline or N (4.5 mg\/kg) +\/\u2212OC (combined OC or placebo delivered via oral gavage) for 16\u201321 days. Following exposure, brain tissue was harvested for unbiased metabolomic analysis (performed by Metabolon Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA) and the metabolomic profile changes were complemented with Western blot analysis of key enzymes in the lipid pathway. Metabolomic data showed significant accumulation of fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolites in the brain. Adolescent, more so than adult females, exposed to N + OC showed significant increases in carnitine-conjugated fatty acid metabolites compared to saline control animals. These changes in fatty acyl carnitines were accompanied by an increase in a subset of free fatty acids, suggesting elevated fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation in the mitochondria to meet energy demand. In support, \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate was significantly lower in N + OC exposure groups in adolescent animals, implying a complete shunting of acetyl CoA for energy production via the TCA cycle. The reported changes in fatty acids and PC metabolism due to N + OC could inhibit post-translational palmitoylation of membrane proteins and synaptic vesicle formation, respectively, thus exacerbating ischemic brain damage in female rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Impact of Nicotine along with Oral Contraceptive Exposure on Brain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shahil H.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9811-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Tim\u00f3n-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Pradhyumnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berk","family":"Mankaliye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunjan R.","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Perez-Pinzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1757-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ami P.","family":"Raval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030803","article-title":"Young Women Had More Strokes Than Young Men in a Large, United States Claims Sample","volume":"51","author":"Leppert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Loraine, A., West, S.C., Goodkind, D., and He, W. 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