{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T20:27:23Z","timestamp":1786912043889,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Insurance Association of Japan, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["JP21K16699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K16699"]}]},{"name":"General Insurance Association of Japan, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["JP20H03558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H03558"]}]},{"name":"General Insurance Association of Japan, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["JP21gm6210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21gm6210004"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP21K16699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K16699"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP20H03558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H03558"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP21gm6210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21gm6210004"]}]},{"name":"Kobayashi Foundation, and the SEI Group CSR Foundation","award":["JP21K16699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K16699"]}]},{"name":"Kobayashi Foundation, and the SEI Group CSR Foundation","award":["JP20H03558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H03558"]}]},{"name":"Kobayashi Foundation, and the SEI Group CSR Foundation","award":["JP21gm6210004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21gm6210004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although rodents have been widely used for experimental models of spinal cord diseases, the details of the growth curves of their spinal canal and spinal cord, as well as the molecular mechanism of the growth of adult rat spinal cords remain unavailable. They are particularly important when conducting the experiments of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), since the disease condition depends on the size of the spinal canal and the spinal cord. Thus, the purposes of the present study were to obtain accurate growth curves for the spinal canal and spinal cord in rats; to define the appropriate age in weeks for their use as a CSM model; and to propose a molecular mechanism of the growth of the adult spinal cord in rats. CT myelography was performed on Lewis rats from 4 weeks to 40 weeks of age. The vertical growth of the spinal canal at C5 reached a plateau after 20 and 12 weeks, and at T8 after 20 and 16 weeks, in males and females, respectively. The vertical growth of the C5 and T8 spinal cord reached a plateau after 24 weeks in both sexes. The vertical space available for the cord (SAC) of C5 and T8 did not significantly change after 8 weeks in either sex. Western blot analyses showed that VEGFA, FGF2, and BDNF were highly expressed in the cervical spinal cords of 4-week-old rats, and that the expression of these growth factors declined as rats grew. These findings indicate that the spinal canal and the spinal cord in rats continue to grow even after sexual maturation and that rats need to be at least 8 weeks of age for use in experimental models of CSM. The present study, in conjunction with recent evidence, proposes the hypothetical model that the growth of rat spinal cord after the postnatal period is mediated at least in part by differentiation of neural progenitor cells and that their differentiation potency is maintained by VEGFA, FGF2, and BDNF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord in Rat Continue to Grow Even after Sexual Maturation: Anatomical Study and Molecular Proposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-1266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihito","family":"Sotome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5432-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Kadoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5496-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norimasa","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000397","article-title":"Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy","volume":"29","author":"Iyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2025-x","article-title":"Apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of spinal hyperostotic mouse (twy\/twy): Possible pathomechanism of human cervical compressive myelopathy","volume":"21","author":"Uchida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. 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