{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:05:50Z","timestamp":1790060750376,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":333,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgian Telethon (ABMM)","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]},{"name":"French Association against Myopathies (AFM T\u00e9l\u00e9thon)","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research FNRS","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]},{"name":"FRIA","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]},{"name":"EMBO","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]},{"name":"University of Seville","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]},{"name":"Wallonie-Bruxelles International Excellence Program","award":["PDR\/T.0026.21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDR\/T.0026.21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive disease caused by the loss of function of the protein dystrophin. This protein contributes to the stabilisation of striated cells during contraction, as it anchors the cytoskeleton with components of the extracellular matrix through the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC). Moreover, absence of the functional protein affects the expression and function of proteins within the DAPC, leading to molecular events responsible for myofibre damage, muscle weakening, disability and, eventually, premature death. Presently, there is no cure for DMD, but different treatments help manage some of the symptoms. Advances in genetic and exon-skipping therapies are the most promising intervention, the safety and efficiency of which are tested in animal models. In addition to in vivo functional tests, ex vivo molecular evaluation aids assess to what extent the therapy has contributed to the regenerative process. In this regard, the later advances in microscopy and image acquisition systems and the current expansion of antibodies for immunohistological evaluation together with the development of different spectrum fluorescent dyes have made histology a crucial tool. Nevertheless, the complexity of the molecular events that take place in dystrophic muscles, together with the rise of a multitude of markers for each of the phases of the process, makes the histological assessment a challenging task. Therefore, here, we summarise and explain the rationale behind different histological techniques used in the literature to assess degeneration and regeneration in the field of dystrophinopathies, focusing especially on those related to DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Histological Methods to Assess Skeletal Muscle Degeneration and Regeneration in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dubuisson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Neuromuscular Reference Center, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (CUSL), Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6096-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Versele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6037-6147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Planchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille M.","family":"Selvais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Abou-Samra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2551-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda A.","family":"Davis-L\u00f3pez de Carrizosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Medical Sector, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 55, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3","article-title":"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulangekar, A., and Sztal, T.E. (2021). Inflammation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy\u2013Exploring the Role of Neutrophils in Muscle Damage and Regeneration. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101366"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm043638","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.043638","article-title":"Biomarkers for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Myonecrosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress","volume":"13","author":"Grounds","year":"2020","journal-title":"DMM Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cytokines and Chemokines as Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Inflammation: Presenting the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zab\u0142ocka, B., G\u00f3recki, D.C., and Zab\u0142ocki, K. (2021). Disrupted Calcium Homeostasis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Common Mechanism behind Diverse Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011040"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C834","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1993.265.3.C834","article-title":"Adaptations in Myosin Heavy Chain Expression and Contractile Function in Dystrophic Mouse Diaphragm","volume":"265","author":"Petrof","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06057-9","article-title":"Necroptosis Mediates Myofibre Death in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice","volume":"9","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2014.17","article-title":"Dysregulation of Calcium Homeostasis in Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"16","author":"Aldanondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2006.09.016","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Current Hypotheses","volume":"36","author":"Deconinck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2015","article-title":"Absence of Dystrophin Disrupts Skeletal Muscle Signaling: Roles of Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Nitric Oxide in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/muscles1010008","article-title":"Does the Pathogenic Sequence of Skeletal Muscle Degeneration in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Begin and End with Unrestrained Satellite Cell Activation?","volume":"1","author":"Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Muscles"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.05.009","article-title":"Structural and Functional Alterations of Skeletal Muscle Microvasculature in Dystrophin-Deficient Mdx Mice","volume":"185","author":"Latroche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gillis, J. (2022, November 17). Treat-NMD SOP MDX-DMD_M.1.1_001. Available online: https:\/\/treat-nmd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/MDX-DMD_M.1.1_001-21.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e51303","article-title":"Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model","volume":"85","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, November 17). Treat-NMD SOP DMD_M.2.1.004. Available online: https:\/\/treat-nmd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/uncategorized-Wire-test.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, November 17). Treat-NMD SOP DMD_M.2.1.001. Available online: https:\/\/treat-nmd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/MDX-DMD_M.2.1.001.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2022, November 17). Treat-NMD SOP DMD_M.2.2.001. Available online: https:\/\/treat-nmd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/MDX-DMD_M.2.2.001.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"101","article-title":"Histopathology of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Correlation with Changes in Proteomic Biomarkers","volume":"37","author":"Zweyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Dubowitz, V., Sewry, C., and Oldfors, A. (2020). Muscle Biopsy a Practical Approach, Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"8","article-title":"Animal Models of Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"48","author":"Nonaka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.4.1189","article-title":"X Chromosome-Linked Muscular Dystrophy (Mdx) in the Mouse","volume":"81","author":"Bulfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/360591a0","article-title":"Primary Structure of Dystrophin-Related Protein","volume":"360","author":"Tinsley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.110.22.2873","article-title":"Altered Expression of the A7\u03b21 Integrin in Human and Murine Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"110","author":"Hodges","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.152.6.1207","article-title":"Enhanced Expression of the A7\u03b21 Integrin Reduces Muscular Dystrophy and Restores Viability in Dystrophic Mice","volume":"152","author":"Burkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00522.2010","article-title":"Stress-Induced Opening of the Permeability Transition Pore in the Dystrophin-Deficient Heart Is Attenuated by Acute Treatment with Sildenafil","volume":"300","author":"Ascah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2020.148250","article-title":"Transport of Ca2+ and Ca2+-Dependent Permeability Transition in Heart Mitochondria in the Early Stages of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"1861","author":"Dubinin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609493","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.609493","article-title":"Metformin Reverses the Enhanced Myocardial SR\/ER\u2013Mitochondria Interaction and Impaired Complex I-Driven Respiration in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice","volume":"8","author":"Angebault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubinin, M.V., Starinets, V.S., Talanov, E.Y., Mikheeva, I.B., Belosludtseva, N.V., Serov, D.A., Tenkov, K.S., Belosludtseva, E.V., and Belosludtsev, K.N. (2021). Effect of the Non-Immunosuppressive Mpt Pore Inhibitor Alisporivir on the Functioning of Heart Mitochondria in Dystrophin-Deficient Mdx Mice. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9091232"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.264","article-title":"Cardiac Expression of a Mini-Dystrophin That Normalizes Skeletal Muscle Force Only Partially Restores Heart Function in Aged Mdx Mice","volume":"17","author":"Bostick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80532-2","article-title":"Utrophin-Dystrophin-Deficient Mice as a Model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"90","author":"Deconinck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-018-0045-4","article-title":"Humanizing the Mdx Mouse Model of DMD: The Long and the Short of It","volume":"3","author":"Yucel","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2015.08.005","article-title":"The First Exon Duplication Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Tool for Therapeutic Development","volume":"25","author":"Vulin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-017-0124-z","article-title":"The Golden Retriever Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Kornegay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chey, Y.C.J., Arudkumar, J., Aartsma-Rus, A., Adikusuma, F., and Thomas, P.Q. (2022). CRISPR Applications for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Animal Models to Potential Therapies. WIREs Mech. Dis., e1580.","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1580"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purevjav, E., Pierre, J., and Lu, L. (2022). Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Animal Models. Preclinical Animal Modeling in Medicine, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.92923"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, H., Janssen, P.M.L., Grange, R.W., Yang, L., Beggs, A.H., Swanson, L.C., Cossette, S.A., Frase, A., Childers, M.K., and Granzier, H. (2014). Tissue Triage and Freezing for Models of Skeletal Muscle Disease. J. Vis. Exp., e51586.","DOI":"10.3791\/51586"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8997-3_25","article-title":"Immunostaining of Skeletal Tissues","volume":"Volume 1914","author":"Idris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Research Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"e63996","article-title":"A Guide to Examining Intramuscular Fat Formation and Its Cellular Origin in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"2022","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmo.19","article-title":"Histopathological Evaluation of Skeletal Muscle with Specific Reference to Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"6","author":"Terry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155416673995","article-title":"Antigen Masking During Fixation and Embedding, Dissected","volume":"65","author":"Scalia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e52793","article-title":"Do\u2019s and Don\u2019ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis","volume":"2015","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ruegg, M. (2022, November 17). Treat-NMD SOP MDC1A_M.1.2.004. Available online: https:\/\/treat-nmd.org\/sop\/mdc1a_m-1-2-004\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-015-0041-y","article-title":"Muscular Dystrophy in the Mdx Mouse Is a Severe Myopathy Compounded by Hypotrophy, Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia","volume":"5","author":"Duddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"re2","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2003832","article-title":"Signaling Mechanisms in Mammalian Myoblast Fusion","volume":"6","author":"Hindi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10384-2","article-title":"Long-Term Protective Effect of Human Dystrophin Expressing Chimeric (DEC) Cell Therapy on Amelioration of Function of Cardiac, Respiratory and Skeletal Muscles in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"18","author":"Siemionow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2004.06.008","article-title":"Histological Parameters for the Quantitative Assessment of Muscular Dystrophy in the Mdx-Mouse","volume":"14","author":"Briguet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"R\u00fcegg, M.A., and Biozentrum, S.M. (2022, November 17). Treat-NMD SOP MDC1A_M.1.2.002. Available online: https:\/\/treat-nmd.org\/sop\/mdc1a_m-1-2-002\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9272","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.913362","article-title":"Human Umbilical Cord Wharton\u2019s Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells May Attenuate Sarcopenia in Aged Mice Induced by Hindlimb Suspension","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20334","article-title":"Fully Automated Segmentation and Morphometrical Analysis of Muscle Fiber Images","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12090","article-title":"Automated Image Segmentation of Haematoxylin and Eosin Stained Skeletal Muscle Cross-Sections","volume":"252","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.22618","article-title":"Laminin-211 in Skeletal Muscle Function","volume":"7","author":"Holmberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2012.01250.x","article-title":"Quantification of Dystrophin Immunofluorescence in Dystrophinopathy Muscle Specimens","volume":"38","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.248","article-title":"Restoration of the Dystrophin-Associated Glycoprotein Complex after Exon Skipping Therapy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"20","author":"Cirak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20865","article-title":"Application of WGA Lectin Staining for Visualization of the Connective Tissue in Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Ligament\/Tendon Studies","volume":"74","author":"Kostrominova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"MuscleJ: A High-Content Analysis Method to Study Skeletal Muscle with a New Fiji Tool","volume":"8","author":"Hardy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00828","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Are Increased during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: Requirement of Syndecan-3 for Successful Fiber Formation","volume":"117","author":"Casar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barateau, A., Vadrot, N., Agbulut, O., Vicart, P., Batonnet-Pichon, S., and Buendia, B. (2017). Distinct Fiber Type Signature in Mouse Muscles Expressing a Mutant Lamin a Responsible for Congenital Muscular Dystrophy in a Patient. Cells, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells6020010"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39532-4","article-title":"Regulation of the Dystrophin-Associated Glycoprotein Complex Composition by the Metabolic Properties of Muscle Fibres","volume":"9","author":"Omairi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517702864","article-title":"Postinjury Exercise and Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapies Improve Skeletal Muscle Healing in Rats but Are Not Synergistic When Combined","volume":"45","author":"Torrella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh635","article-title":"Decorin and Biglycan Expression Is Differentially Altered in Several Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"128","author":"Zanotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137713","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137713","article-title":"Resolvin D1 Supports Skeletal Myofiber Regeneration via Actions on Myeloid and Muscle Stem Cells","volume":"5","author":"Markworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00363","article-title":"Nuclear Positioning in Muscle Development and Disease","volume":"4","author":"Folker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvais, C.M., de Cock, L.L., Brichard, S.M., and Davis-L\u00f3pez de Carrizosa, M.A. (2022). Fiber Type and Subcellular-Specific Analysis of Lipid Droplet Content in Skeletal Muscle. J. Vis. Exp., e63718.","DOI":"10.3791\/63718"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.7.3.559","article-title":"Multinucleation of Skeletal Muscle in Vitro","volume":"7","author":"Capers","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2011","article-title":"Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche","volume":"93","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38371","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38371","article-title":"Impaired Regenerative Capacity and Lower Revertant Fibre Expansion in Dystrophin-Deficient Mdx Muscles on DBA\/2 Background","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2017.06.006","article-title":"A Five-Repeat Micro-Dystrophin Gene Ameliorated Dystrophic Phenotype in the Severe DBA\/2J-Mdx Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"6","author":"Hakim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38371","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135576","article-title":"Lack of MiR-378 Attenuates Muscular Dystrophy in Mdx Mice","volume":"5","author":"Podkalicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Echigoya, Y., Lee, J., Rodrigues, M., Nagata, T., Tanihata, J., Nozohourmehrabad, A., Panesar, D., Miskew, B., Aoki, Y., and Yokota, T. (2013). Mutation Types and Aging Differently Affect Revertant Fiber Expansion in Dystrophic Mdx and Mdx52 Mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069194"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2006.04.003","article-title":"The Role of Apoptosis in Neuromuscular Diseases and Prospects for Anti-Apoptosis Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubuisson, N., Versele, R., Davis-L\u00f3pez de Carrizosa, M.A., Selvais, C.M., Brichard, S.M., and Abou-Samra, M. (2021). Walking down Skeletal Muscle Lane: From Inflammasome to Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113023"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647010","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.647010","article-title":"Abnormal Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Mechanisms and Potential Therapies","volume":"12","author":"Mareedu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.06.011","article-title":"Reduced Necrosis of Dystrophic Muscle by Depletion of Host Neutrophils, or Blocking TNF\u03b1 Function with Etanercept in Mdx Mice","volume":"16","author":"Hodgetts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/118.5.959","article-title":"Visualization of Dystrophic Muscle Fibers in Mdx Mouse by Vital Staining with Evans Blue: Evidence of Apoptosis in Dystrophin-Deficient Muscle 1","volume":"118","author":"Matsuda","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-8782.2001.00008.x","article-title":"Evans Blue Dye as an in Vivo Marker of Myofibre Damage: Optimising Parameters for Detecting Initial Myofibre Membrane Permeability","volume":"200","author":"Hamer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2132-2","article-title":"Fast Skeletal Myofibers of Mdx Mouse, Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Express Connexin Hemichannels That Lead to Apoptosis","volume":"73","author":"Cea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160612","article-title":"Muscle Fiber Degeneration and Necrosis in Muscular Dystrophy and Other Muscle Diseases: Cytochemical and Immunocytochemical Data","volume":"16","author":"Cornelio","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"e59754","article-title":"Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies","volume":"2019","author":"Bencze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1","article-title":"MiR-146a Deficiency Does Not Aggravate Muscular Dystrophy in Mdx Mice","volume":"9","author":"Chwalenia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299rv4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa7322","article-title":"Immune-Mediated Pathology in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2018.01.002","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Is Modulated by Inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Translat."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111445119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111445119","article-title":"Neutrophil and Natural Killer Cell Imbalances Prevent Muscle Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration Following Murine Volumetric Muscle Loss","volume":"119","author":"Larouche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4761427","article-title":"Macrophages Are Key Regulators of Stem Cells during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Diseases","volume":"2019","author":"Dort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006","article-title":"Transcriptome-Based Network Analysis Reveals a Spectrum Model of Human Macrophage Activation","volume":"40","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.02.005","article-title":"Three-Colour Fluorescence Immunohistochemistry Reveals the Diversity of Cells Staining for Macrophage Markers in Murine Spleen and Liver","volume":"334","author":"Lloyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2883","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2883","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Identification of Human Skeletal Muscle Macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Kosmac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio-Protoc"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-012-1061-x","article-title":"Inflammatory Markers CD11b, CD16, CD66b, CD68, Myeloperoxidase and Neutrophil Elastase in Eccentric Exercised Human Skeletal Muscles","volume":"139","author":"Paulsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(96)80546-9","article-title":"EGF-TM7: A Novel Subfamily of Seven-Transmembrane-Region Leukocyte Cell-Surface Molecules","volume":"17","author":"Mcknight","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830111013","article-title":"F4\/80, a Monoclonal Antibody Directed Specifically against the Mouse Macrophage","volume":"11","author":"Austyn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.5.1704","article-title":"Mononuclear Phagocyte System of the Mouse Defined by Immunohistochemical Localization of Antigen F4\/80. Identification of Resident Macrophages in Renal Medullary and Cortical Interstitium and the Juxtaglomerular Complex","volume":"157","author":"Hume","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassado, A.d.A., de Albuquerque, J.A.T., Sardinha, L.R., de Buzzo, C.L., Faustino, L., Nascimento, R., Ghosn, E.E.B., Lima, M.R., Alvarez, J.M.M., and Bortoluci, K.R. (2011). Cellular Renewal and Improvement of Local Cell Effector Activity in Peritoneal Cavity in Response to Infectious Stimuli. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022141"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2011.10.013","article-title":"Systematic Validation of Specific Phenotypic Markers for in Vitro Polarized Human Macrophages","volume":"375","author":"Ambarus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200601102","article-title":"Mannose Receptor Regulates Myoblast Motility and Muscle Growth","volume":"174","author":"Jansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage Activation and Polarization: Nomenclature and Experimental Guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.03.006","article-title":"Differential Integrin Expression by T Lymphocytes: Potential Role in DMD Muscle Damage","volume":"223","author":"Voit","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripodi, L., Villa, C., Molinaro, D., Torrente, Y., and Farini, A. (2021). The Immune System in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Pathogenesis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101447"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01608","article-title":"The Future of Regulatory T Cell Therapy: Promises and Challenges of Implementing CAR Technology","volume":"11","author":"Mohseni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.10.054","article-title":"XA Special Population of Regulatory T Cells Potentiates Muscle Repair","volume":"155","author":"Burzyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00933","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors Drive Specific Patterns of Tolerance and Training on Restimulation of Macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Butcher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090058","article-title":"Inflammasome Up-Regulation and Activation in Dysferlin-Deficient Skeletal Muscle","volume":"176","author":"Rawat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.06.001","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine Treatment Reduces TNF-\u03b1 Levels and Myonecrosis in Diaphragm Muscle of Mdx Mice","volume":"32","author":"Ferretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23481","article-title":"Upregulation of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Potential for Attenuation of Myofiber Necrosis","volume":"46","author":"Creus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115327","article-title":"A Panoramic Review of IL-6: Structure, Pathophysiological Roles and Inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"16","article-title":"Activation of NF-KappaB Pathway in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Relation to Age","volume":"30","author":"Messina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Myol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv323","article-title":"Increased Levels of Interleukin-6 Exacerbate the Dystrophic Phenotype in Mdx Mice","volume":"24","author":"Pelosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.02.014","article-title":"Functional and Morphological Improvement of Dystrophic Muscle by Interleukin 6 Receptor Blockade","volume":"2","author":"Pelosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301829","article-title":"Adeno-Associated Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer into Dystrophin-Deficient Skeletal Muscles Evokes Enchanced Immune Response against the Transgene Product","volume":"9","author":"Yuasa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.07.008","article-title":"Differential Roles of MMP-9 in Early and Late Stages of Dystrophic Muscles in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"1852","author":"Shiba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10614-1","article-title":"Targeting a Therapeutic LIF Transgene to Muscle via the Immune System Ameliorates Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"Welc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn376","article-title":"Shifts in Macrophage Phenotypes and Macrophage Competition for Arginine Metabolism Affect the Severity of Muscle Pathology in Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"18","author":"Villalta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2421fje","article-title":"Chemokine Receptor CCR2 Involvement in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Warren","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001871","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001871","article-title":"Adipose-Specific C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand (CCL) 19 Overexpression Drives the Mice to Both Insulin Resistance and Weight Gain","volume":"9","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00413","article-title":"Elastin-Like Recombinamer Hydrogels for Improved Skeletal Muscle Healing Through Modulation of Macrophage Polarization","volume":"8","author":"Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47389-w","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation Shifts Healing\/Scarring towards Regeneration in a Rat Limb Amputation Model","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazzarin, M.C., Quintana, H.T., de Ara\u00fajo Baptista, V.I., and de Oliveira, F. (2020). Lack of Dystrophin Influences Muscle Inflammation but Not Myogenic Regulatory Factors after Eccentric Exercise in Mdx Mice. Motriz. Rev. Educ. Fis., 26.","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-6574202000030228"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morotti, M., Garofalo, S., Cocozza, G., Antonangeli, F., Bianconi, V., Mozzetta, C., de Stefano, M.E., Capitani, R., Wulff, H., and Limatola, C. (2022). Muscle Damage in Dystrophic Mdx Mice Is Influenced by the Activity of Ca2+-Activated KCa 3.1 Channels. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12040538"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101267","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 Promotes Muscle Damage in the Mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy by Suppressing M2 Macrophage Activation and Inhibiting Muscle Cell Proliferation","volume":"187","author":"Villalta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou-Samra, M., Lecompte, S., Schakman, O., Noel, L., Many, M.C., Gailly, P., and Brichard, S.M. (2015). Involvement of Adiponectin in the Pathogenesis of Dystrophinopathy. Skelet Muscle, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-015-0051-9"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26516-0","article-title":"Resolvin-D2 Targets Myogenic Cells and Improves Muscle Regeneration in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"12","author":"Dort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62480-7","article-title":"Effects of T-Lymphocyte Depletion on Muscle Fibrosis in the Mdx Mouse","volume":"166","author":"Morrison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258ra142","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009925","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Suppress Muscle Inflammation and Injury in Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"6","author":"Villalta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123249","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123249","article-title":"Mast Cells and Neutrophils Mediate Peripheral Motor Pathway Degeneration in ALS","volume":"3","author":"Trias","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs258429","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.258429","article-title":"Interplay between Myofibers and Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages Controls Muscle Damage in Mdx Mice","volume":"134","author":"Saclier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boursereau, R., Abou-Samra, M., Lecompte, S., Noel, L., and Brichard, S.M. (2018). Downregulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Adiponectin Rescues Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. BMC Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-018-0501-z"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049076","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1049076","article-title":"Inhibiting the Inflammasome with MCC950 Counteracts Muscle Pyroptosis and Improves Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"13","author":"Dubuisson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16431","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2119-15.2015","article-title":"Role of IL-10 in Resolution of Inflammation and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury","volume":"35","author":"Mietto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.6.2081","article-title":"Two Types of Mouse T Helper Cell. IV. Th2 Clones Secrete a Factor That Inhibits Cytokine Production by Th1 Clones","volume":"170","author":"Fiorentino","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.7.3402","article-title":"Autocrine Deactivation of Macrophages in Transgenic Mice Constitutively Overexpressing IL-10 Under Control of the Human CD68 Promoter","volume":"168","author":"Lang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-009-0670-2","article-title":"Reciprocal Amplification of ROS and Ca2+ Signals in Stressed Mdx Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle Fibers","volume":"458","author":"Shkryl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1736","article-title":"Genetic and Pharmacologic Inhibition of Mitochondrial-Dependent Necrosis Attenuates Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"14","author":"Millay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.06.053","article-title":"Mutation in Dystrophin-Encoding Gene Affects Energy Metabolism in Mouse Myoblasts","volume":"386","author":"Onopiuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.127","article-title":"Mitochondria Mediate Cell Membrane Repair and Contribute to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"24","author":"Vila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Cardero Therapeutics, Inc. (2022, November 17). Plus Epicatechin Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Non-Ambulatory Adolescents (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02964377), Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02964377."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubinin, M.V., Starinets, V.S., Talanov, E.Y., Mikheeva, I.B., Belosludtseva, N.V., and Belosludtsev, K.N. (2021). Alisporivir Improves Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle of Mdx Mice but Suppresses Mitochondrial Dynamics and Biogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189780"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"e21276","article-title":"Mss51 Deletion Increases Endurance and Ameliorates Histopathology in the Mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"35","author":"Moyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr265","article-title":"Chronic AMPK Activation Evokes the Slow, Oxidative Myogenic Program and Triggers Beneficial Adaptations in Mdx Mouse Skeletal Muscle","volume":"20","author":"Ljubicic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00690","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is an Early Consequence of Partial or Complete Dystrophin Loss in Mdx Mice","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds415","article-title":"Defects in Mitochondrial Localization and ATP Synthesis in the Mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Are Not Alleviated by PDE5 Inhibition","volume":"22","author":"Percival","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pant, M., Sopariwala, D.H., Bal, N.C., Lowe, J., Delf\u00edn, D.A., Rafael-Fortney, J., and Periasamy, M. (2015). Metabolic Dysfunction and Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Utrophin-Dystrophin Deficient Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123875"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13597","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13597","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Fiber-Type-Specific Changes in Markers of Capillary and Mitochondrial Content after Low-Volume Interval Training in Overweight Women","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700493R","article-title":"Apobec2 Deficiency Causes Mitochondrial Defects and Mitophagy in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"32","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvais, C.M., de Carrizosa, M.A.D.-L., Nachit, M., Versele, R., Dubuisson, N., Noel, L., Gillard, J., Leclercq, I.A., Brichard, S.M., and Abou-Samra, M. (2022). AdipoRon Enhances Healthspan in Middle-Aged Obese Mice: Striking Alleviation of Myosteatosis and Muscle Degenerative Markers. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13148"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"e3266","article-title":"Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function Using Cytochrome C Oxidase\/Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX\/SDH) Double-Labeling Histochemistry","volume":"23","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1996.19.4.329","article-title":"Modified Gomori Trichrome Stain for Frozen Skeletal Muscle and Paraffin Embedded Sections","volume":"19","author":"Garvey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Histotechnol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-019-0191-4","article-title":"Late-Onset Megaconial Myopathy in Mice Lacking Group i Paks","volume":"9","author":"Joseph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"17","article-title":"Lipofuscin as an Indicator of Oxidative Stress and Aging","volume":"266","author":"Sohal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155411412185","article-title":"Quantification of Ceroid and Lipofuscin in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"59","author":"Tohma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12376","article-title":"Tempol Improves Redox Status in Mdx Dystrophic Diaphragm Muscle","volume":"101","author":"Hermes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.148338","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Pathophysiology in Mdx Mice","volume":"586","author":"Whitehead","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1957","article-title":"The Lipid Peroxidation By-Product 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal (4-HNE) Induces Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle through Both Carbonyl and Oxidative Stress","volume":"153","author":"Pillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13569","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13569","article-title":"Scavenging Mitochondrial Hydrogen Peroxide by Peroxiredoxin 3 Overexpression Attenuates Contractile Dysfunction and Muscle Atrophy in a Murine Model of Accelerated Sarcopenia","volume":"21","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500902885684","article-title":"8-Hydroxy-2\u2032 -Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): A Critical Biomarker of Oxidative Stress and Carcinogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part C"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1713776","article-title":"3-Nitrotyrosine: A Versatile Oxidative Stress Biomarker for Major Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"130","author":"Bandookwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.183210","article-title":"Resveratrol Ameliorates Muscular Pathology in the Dystrophic Mdx Mouse, a Model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"338","author":"Hori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.061291","article-title":"The Action Potential-Evoked Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release Is Impaired in Mdx Mouse Muscle Fibres","volume":"557","author":"Woods","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-002-0854-5","article-title":"Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function in Slow- and Fast-Twitch Skeletal Muscles from Mdx Mice","volume":"444","author":"Divet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104972","article-title":"Sarco(Endo)Plasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase Function Is Impaired in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles from Young DBA\/2J Mdx Mice","volume":"25","author":"Cleverdon","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1916","article-title":"Hypernitrosylated Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channels Are Leaky in Dystrophic Muscle","volume":"15","author":"Bellinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"4094","article-title":"Sarcolipin Deletion in Mdx Mice Impairs Calcineurin Signalling and Worsens Dystrophic Pathology","volume":"27","author":"Fajardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.09.039","article-title":"Truncated Dystrophin Ameliorates the Dystrophic Phenotype of Mdx Mice by Reducing Sarcolipin-Mediated SERCA Inhibition","volume":"505","author":"Tanihata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1832","article-title":"The Origin of Tubular Aggregates in Human Myopathies","volume":"207","author":"Chevessier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.11.010","article-title":"Tubular Aggregate Myopathy: A Rare Form of Myopathy","volume":"15","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw063","article-title":"Defective Membrane Fusion and Repair in Anoctamin5-Deficient Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Griffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-013-9350-0","article-title":"Increased Sarcolipin Expression and Decreased Sarco(Endo)Plasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Uptake in Skeletal Muscles of Mouse Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"34","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C402","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00228.2007","article-title":"Carbonic Anhydrases IV and IX: Subcellular Localization and Functional Role in Mouse Skeletal Muscle","volume":"294","author":"Scheibe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810243106","article-title":"Assembly and Dynamics of Proteins of the Longitudinal and Junctional Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Skeletal Muscle Cells","volume":"106","author":"Cusimano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"7837","article-title":"Nanoscale Reorganization of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Pressure-Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Visualized by DSTORM","volume":"9","author":"Driouchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forcina, L., Cosentino, M., and Musar\u00f2, A. (2020). Mechanisms Regulating Muscle Regeneration: Insights into the Interrelated and Time-Dependent Phases of Tissue Healing. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051297"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.04.002","article-title":"Satellite Cells in Muscular Dystrophy\u2014Lost in Polarity","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.11.039","article-title":"Short Telomeres and Stem Cell Exhaustion Model Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Mdx\/MTR Mice","volume":"143","author":"Sacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3990","article-title":"Dystrophin Expression in Muscle Stem Cells Regulates Their Polarity and Asymmetric Division","volume":"21","author":"Dumont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414558336","article-title":"Membrane Injury and Repair in the Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"21","author":"Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C662","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00161.2017","article-title":"Branched Fibers from Old Fast-Twitch Dystrophic Muscles Are the Sites of Terminal Damage in Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"314","author":"Kiriaev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"1","article-title":"Empowering Muscle Stem Cells for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"211","author":"Filippelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"e57212","article-title":"Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies","volume":"2018","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48156-7","article-title":"Muscle Satellite Cells and Impaired Late Stage Regeneration in Different Murine Models for Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"9","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.002","article-title":"Conditional Loss of Pten in Myogenic Progenitors Leads to Postnatal Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy but Age-Dependent Exhaustion of Satellite Cells","volume":"17","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03093-6","article-title":"Adult Stem Cells at Work: Regenerating Skeletal Muscle","volume":"76","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6788-9_12","article-title":"Characterizing Satellite Cells and Myogenic Progenitors during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration","volume":"Volume 1560","author":"Pelliciari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histochemistry of Single Molecules: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-015-0046-6","article-title":"Developmental Myosins: Expression Patterns and Functional Significance","volume":"5","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14502","article-title":"Muscle Fiber Type Diversity Revealed by Anti-Myosin Heavy Chain Antibodies","volume":"285","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/298294a0","article-title":"Fetal Myosin Heavy Chains in Regenerating Muscle","volume":"298","author":"Sartore","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880090108","article-title":"Fetal Myosin Immunoreactivity in Human Dystrophic Muscle","volume":"9","author":"Schiaffino","year":"1986","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(91)90340-9","article-title":"Fiber Regeneration Is Not Persistent in Dystrophic (Mdx) Mouse Skeletal Muscle","volume":"148","author":"DiMario","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"307","article-title":"Embryonic Myosin Is a Regeneration Marker to Monitor Utrophin-Based Therapies for DMD","volume":"28","author":"Guiraud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050965","article-title":"Development of Muscle Pathology in Canine X-Linked Muscular Dystrophy. I. Delayed Postnatal Maturation of Affected and Normal Muscle as Revealed by Myosin Isoform Analysis and Utrophin Expression","volume":"97","author":"Lanfossi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janghra, N., Morgan, J.E., Sewry, C.A., Wilson, F.X., Davies, K.E., Muntoni, F., and Tinsley, J. (2016). Correlation of Utrophin Levels with the Dystrophin Protein Complex and Muscle Fibre Regeneration in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy Muscle Biopsies. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150818"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e434","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000434","article-title":"Immune Myopathies with Perimysial Pathology: Clinical and Laboratory Features","volume":"5","author":"Bucelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Cai, C. (2022, December 07). Alkaline Phosphatase. PathologyOutlines.Com Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/stainsalkphos.html."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0164-x","article-title":"A Pattern-Based Approach to the Interpretation of Skeletal Muscle Biopsies","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-020-01007-3","article-title":"Distinct Tissue Injury Patterns in Juvenile Dermatomyositis Auto-Antibody Subgroups","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12735","article-title":"Utrophin Modulator Drugs as Potential Therapies for Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"47","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199808000-00007","article-title":"Utrophin Is a Regeneration-Associated Protein Transiently Present at the Sarcolemma of Regenerating Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Dystrophin-Deficient Hypertrophic Feline Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.26.3333","article-title":"Prevention of Pathology in Mdx Mice by Expression of Utrophin: Analysis Using an Inducible Transgenic Expression System","volume":"11","author":"Squire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1038\/4033","article-title":"Expression of Full-Length Utrophin Prevents Muscular Dystrophy in Mdx Mice","volume":"4","author":"Tinsley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43697","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43697","article-title":"Identification of Serum Protein Biomarkers for Utrophin Based DMD Therapy","volume":"7","author":"Guiraud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turk, R., Sterrenburg, E., de Meijer, E.J., van Ommen, G.J.B., den Dunnen, J.T., and \u2019t Hoen, P.A.C. (2005). Muscle Regeneration in Dystrophin-Deficient Mdx Mice Studied by Gene Expression Profiling. BMC Genom., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-6-98"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00267","article-title":"Methods for Accurate Assessment of Myofiber Maturity During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41234","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007493200","article-title":"FATZ, a Filamin-, Actinin-, and Telethonin-Binding Protein of the Z-Disc of Skeletal Muscle","volume":"275","author":"Faulkner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Myozenin: An \u03b1-Actinin- and \u03b3-Filamin-Binding Protein of Skeletal Muscle Z Lines","volume":"98","author":"Takada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.12.11.778","article-title":"The Essentiality of Histo- and Cytochemical Studies of Skeletal Muscle in the Investigation of Neuromuscular Disease","volume":"12","author":"Engel","year":"1962","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00491766","article-title":"A New Method for Myofibrillar Ca++-ATPase Reaction Based on the Use of Metachromatic Dyes: Its Advantages in Muscle Fibre Typing","volume":"79","author":"Doriguzzi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouspillou, G., Sgarioto, N., Norris, B., Barbat-Artigas, S., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Morais, J.A., Burelle, Y., Taivassalo, T., and Hepple, R.T. (2014). The Relationship between Muscle Fiber Type-Specific PGC-1\u03b1 Content and Mitochondrial Content Varies between Rodent Models and Humans. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103044"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.23.825","article-title":"Histochemical Identification of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type-Skeletal Muscle in Normal Men and Rats","volume":"23","author":"YANG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(00)00006-7","article-title":"Human Skeletal Muscle Fibres: Molecular and Functional Diversity","volume":"73","author":"Bottinelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloemberg, D., and Quadrilatero, J. (2012). Rapid Determination of Myosin Heavy Chain Expression in Rat, Mouse, and Human Skeletal Muscle Using Multicolor Immunofluorescence Analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035273"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01738755","article-title":"Functional Regeneration in the Hindlimb Skeletal Muscle of the Mdx Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-1","article-title":"Dystrophin Deficiency in Canine X-Linked Muscular Dystrophy in Japan (CXMDJ) Alters Myosin Heavy Chain Expression Profiles in the Diaphragm More Markedly than in the Tibialis Cranialis Muscle","volume":"9","author":"Yuasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90463-1","article-title":"Fast Muscle Fibers Are Preferentially Affected in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"52","author":"Webster","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121296","article-title":"Increased Susceptibility of EDL Muscles from Mdx Mice to Damage Induced by Contractions with Stretch","volume":"14","author":"Moens","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00587.2003","article-title":"Susceptibility to Sarcomere Injury Induced by Single Stretches of Maximally Activated Muscles of Mdx Mice","volume":"96","author":"Consolino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771499","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.771499","article-title":"Lifespan Analysis of Dystrophic Mdx Fast-Twitch Muscle Morphology and Its Impact on Contractile Function","volume":"12","author":"Kiriaev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C704","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00122.2021","article-title":"Dystrophin-Negative Slow-Twitch Soleus Muscles Are Not Susceptible to Eccentric Contraction Induced Injury over the Lifespan of the Mdx Mouse","volume":"321","author":"Kiriaev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20082","article-title":"Administration of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Improves Fatigue Resistance of Skeletal Muscles from Dystrophicmdx Mice","volume":"30","author":"Gregorevic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selsby, J.T., Morine, K.J., Pendrak, K., Barton, E.R., and Sweeney, H.L. (2012). Rescue of Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle by PGC-1\u03b1 Involves a Fast to Slow Fiber Type Shift in the Mdx Mouse. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030063"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.02.009","article-title":"Tackling Muscle Fibrosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to next Generation Engineered Models to Predict Drug Delivery","volume":"129","author":"Bersini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22094","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix","volume":"44","author":"Gillies","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.086629","article-title":"Fibrosis and Adipogenesis Originate from a Common Mesenchymal Progenitor in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"124","author":"Uezumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutpel, K.M., Hrinivich, W.T., and Hoffman, L.M. (2015). Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis in the Mdx\/Utrn+\/-Mouse Validates Its Suitability as a Murine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117306"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt514","article-title":"Restoration of Muscle Strength in Dystrophic Muscle by Angiotensin-1-7 through Inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 Signalling","volume":"23","author":"Pessina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-017-0135-9","article-title":"Increased Plasma Lipid Levels Exacerbate Muscle Pathology in the Mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Milad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201105013","article-title":"PAI-1 Regulated MiR-21 Defines a Novel Age-Associated Fibrogenic Pathway in Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"196","author":"Ardite","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(98)00093-5","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-B1 and Fibrosis in Congenital Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"9","author":"Bernasconi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4105","article-title":"Expression Levels of TGF-\u03921 and CTGF Are Associated with the Severity of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.10.077","article-title":"AMPK Activation Regulates LTBP4-Dependent TGF-\u03921 Secretion by Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages and Controls Fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Juban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.04.007","article-title":"Fibrogenic Cell Plasticity Blunts Tissue Regeneration and Aggravates Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"4","author":"Pessina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-017-0439-x","article-title":"Blockade of Bradykinin Receptors Worsens the Dystrophic Phenotype of Mdx Mice: Differential Effects for B1 and B2 Receptors","volume":"12","author":"Salas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965631","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/965631","article-title":"Understanding the Process of Fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"2014","author":"Kharraz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.09.043","article-title":"Connective Tissue Growth Factor Is Overexpressed in Muscles of Human Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"267","author":"Sun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101682","article-title":"Bidirectional Roles of Skeletal Muscle Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors in Homeostasis and Disease","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2343-0","article-title":"Connective Tissue Cells Expressing Fibro\/Adipogenic Progenitor Markers Increase under Chronic Damage: Relevance in Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Differentiation and Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis","volume":"364","author":"Contreras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2015","article-title":"Muscle Injury Activates Resident Fibro\/Adipogenic Progenitors That Facilitate Myogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Joe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.12.003","article-title":"Increased PDGFR\u03b1 Activation Disrupts Connective Tissue Development and Drives Systemic Fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4801","article-title":"PDGFR\u03b1 Signalling Promotes Fibrogenic Responses in Collagen-Producing Cells in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"240","author":"Ieronimakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1414","article-title":"Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Its Receptors Are Related to the Progression of Human Muscular Dystrophy: An Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"201","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratos, I., Behrendt, A.K., Anselm, C., Gonzalez, A., Mittlmeier, T., and Vollmar, B. (2022). Inhibition of TNF-\u03b1 Restores Muscle Force, Inhibits Inflammation, and Reduces Apoptosis of Traumatized Skeletal Muscles. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152397"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.09.013","article-title":"Fibrosis Development in Early-Onset Muscular Dystrophies: Mechanisms and Translational Implications","volume":"64","author":"Serrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.053","article-title":"Type 2 Innate Signals Stimulate Fibro\/Adipogenic Progenitors to Facilitate Muscle Regeneration","volume":"153","author":"Heredia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-254011","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Increase Adipocytes in Muscle by Affecting IL-4 Regulated FAP Activity","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L824","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00350.2015","article-title":"Smooth Muscle Actin Is an Inconsistent Marker of Fibroblasts Responsible for Force-Dependent TGF Activation or Collagen Production across Multiple Models of Organ Fibrosis","volume":"310","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Wang, X., Sun, K.H., and Zhou, L. (2018). A-Smooth Muscle Actin Is Not a Marker of Fibrogenic Cell Activity in Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191031"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-129833","article-title":"Imatinib Attenuates Skeletal Muscle Dystrophy in Mdx Mice","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12581","article-title":"A Potential Therapeutic Effect of Catalpol in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Revealed by Binding with TAK1","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2011.12.003","article-title":"Expression of Collagen VI A5 and A6 Chains in Human Muscle and in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Related Muscle Fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"Sabatelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01074","article-title":"Fibro\u2013Adipogenic Progenitors Cross-Talk in Skeletal Muscle: The Social Network","volume":"10","author":"Biferali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.055","article-title":"Imaging of Neutral Lipids by Oil Red O for Analyzing the Metabolic Status in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Mehlem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180100297","article-title":"Optimisation of Oil Red O Staining Permits Combination with Immunofluorescence and Automated Quantification of Lipids","volume":"116","author":"Koopman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2014","article-title":"Mesenchymal Progenitors Distinct from Satellite Cells Contribute to Ectopic Fat Cell Formation in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"12","author":"Uezumi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10438-z","article-title":"Fibroadipogenic Progenitors Are Responsible for Muscle Loss in Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2B","volume":"10","author":"Hogarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57610-w","article-title":"Adenylosuccinic Acid Therapy Ameliorates Murine Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"Timpani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"167","article-title":"Experimental Calcification of the Myocardium. Ultrastructural and Histochemical Investigations","volume":"71","author":"Bonucci","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.5.439","article-title":"Intracellular Calcium Accumulation in Duchenne Dystrophy and Other Myopathies: A Study of 567,000 Muscle Fibers in 114 Biopsies","volume":"28","author":"BODENSTEINER","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.08039","article-title":"Ectopic Calcification Is Caused by Elevated Levels of Serum Inorganic Phosphate in Mdx Mice","volume":"34","author":"Kikkawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Struct Funct."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.07.007","article-title":"Dietary Phosphorus Overload Aggravates the Phenotype of the Dystrophin-Deficient Mdx Mouse","volume":"184","author":"Wada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.09.021","article-title":"Total Absence of Dystrophin Expression Exacerbates Ectopic Myofiber Calcification and Fibrosis and Alters Macrophage Infiltration Patterns","volume":"190","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my, I., Uriarte, A., Drougard, C., Unterfinger, Y., Thibaud, J.L., and Blot, S. (2012). Effects of an Immunosuppressive Treatment in the GRMD Dog Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048478"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.935804","article-title":"P2X7 Purinoceptor Affects Ectopic Calcification of Dystrophic Muscles","volume":"13","author":"Rumney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.01.016","article-title":"Calcinosis in Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Boulman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2973","article-title":"Plasmin Prevents Dystrophic Calcification After Muscle Injury","volume":"32","author":"Mignemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135703","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135703","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2-Driven Muscle Degeneration and Failed Regeneration Underlie Disease Onset in a DMD Mouse Model","volume":"5","author":"Novak","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/17.2.110","article-title":"On the history and mechanism of alizarin and alizarin red s stains for calcium","volume":"17","author":"Puchtler","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1179\/his.1985.8.1.11","article-title":"Chemical Mechanisms of Staining Methods Von Kossa\u2019s Technique: What von Kossa Really Wrote and a Modified Reaction for Selective Demonstration of Inorganic Phosphates","volume":"8","author":"Meloan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Histotechnol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Bei, J.J., Liu, C., Feng, S.B., Zhao, W.B., Zhou, Z., Yu, Z.P., Du, X.J., and Hu, H.Y. (2016). HMGB1 Induces Secretion of Matrix Vesicles by Macrophages to Enhance Ectopic Mineralization. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156686"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-989-5_9","article-title":"Whole-Mount Skeletal Staining","volume":"1130","author":"Rigueur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103032","article-title":"Recent Insights into Neuromuscular Junction Biology in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Impacts, Challenges, and Opportunities","volume":"61","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.12.011","article-title":"Truncated Dystrophins Can Influence Neuromuscular Synapse Structure","volume":"40","author":"Banks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834e7e54","article-title":"The Absence of Dystrophin Rather than Muscle Degeneration Causes Acetylcholine Receptor Cluster Defects in Dystrophic Muscle","volume":"23","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01737-0","article-title":"Dystrophin Is Required for Organizing Large Acetylcholine Receptor Aggregates","volume":"839","author":"Kong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddix, S.G., Lee, Y.i., Kornegay, J.N., and Thompson, W.J. (2018). Cycles of Myofiber Degeneration and Regeneration Lead to Remodeling of the Neuromuscular Junction in Two Mammalian Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205926"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14910","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3590-11.2011","article-title":"Changes in Aging Mouse Neuromuscular Junctions Are Explained by Degeneration and Regeneration of Muscle Fiber Segments at the Synapse","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13191","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2953-11.2011","article-title":"Nerve Terminal Growth Remodels Neuromuscular Synapses in Mice Following Regeneration of the Postsynaptic Muscle Fiber","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610964","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.610964","article-title":"The Neuromuscular Junction in Health and Disease: Molecular Mechanisms Governing Synaptic Formation and Homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Cossins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80894-6","article-title":"Maturation and Maintenance of the Neuromuscular Synapse: Genetic Evidence for Roles of the Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex","volume":"25","author":"Grady","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277839","article-title":"Muscle Specific Kinase Protects Dystrophic Mdx Mouse Muscles from Eccentric Contraction-Induced Loss of Force-Producing Capacity","volume":"597","author":"Trajanovska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab135","article-title":"Increasing LRP4 Diminishes Neuromuscular Deficits in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"30","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/97.1.123","article-title":"Duchenne Dystrophy. II. Morphometric Study of Motor End-Plate Fine Structure","volume":"97","author":"Jerusalem","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(76)90106-4","article-title":"A comparison of the fine structure of motor end-plates in duchenne dystrophy and in human neurogenic diseases","volume":"28","author":"Harriman","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_278","first-page":"1166","article-title":"In Vivo Imaging of the Developing Neuromuscular Junction in Neonatal Mice","volume":"7","author":"Turney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00252","article-title":"Pre- and Postsynaptic Changes in the Neuromuscular Junction in Dystrophic Mice","volume":"6","author":"Pratt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"1","article-title":"Functional Regeneration of the Murine Neuromuscular Synapse Relies on Long-Lasting Morphological Adaptations","volume":"20","author":"Zelada","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7374-3_5","article-title":"Imaging Analysis of the Neuromuscular Junction in Dystrophic Muscle","volume":"Volume 1687","author":"Pratt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-444-9_26","article-title":"Morphological Analysis of Neuromuscular Junctions by Immunofluorescent Staining of Whole-Mount Mouse Diaphragms","volume":"1018","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200128","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200128","article-title":"ANMJ-Morph: A Simple Macro for Rapid Analysis of Neuromuscular Junction Morphology","volume":"7","author":"Minty","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160240","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.160240","article-title":"NMJ-Morph Reveals Principal Components of Synaptic Morphology Influencing Structure\u2014Function Relationships at the Neuromuscular Junction","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.008","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Anatomy of the Human Neuromuscular Junction","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36612","article-title":"Dystrophins Carrying Spectrin-like Repeats 16 and 17 Anchor NNOS to the Sarcolemma and Enhance Exercise Performance in a Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"119","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211431109","article-title":"A2 and A3 Helices of Dystrophin R16 and R17 Frame a Microdomain in the A1 Helix of Dystrophin R17 for Neuronal NOS Binding","volume":"110","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275672","article-title":"Nitric Oxide-Dependent Attenuation of Noradrenaline-Induced Vasoconstriction Is Impaired in the Canine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"596","author":"Kodippili","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15090","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.15090","article-title":"Impaired Metabolic Modulation Of-Adrenergic Vasoconstriction in Dystrophin-Deficient Skeletal Muscle","volume":"95","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250379497","article-title":"Functional Muscle Ischemia in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Skeletal Muscle of Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"97","author":"Sander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181aa31c2","article-title":"Endomysial Fibrosis in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Marker of Poor Outcome Associated With Macrophage Alternative Activation","volume":"68","author":"Desguerre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.09.007","article-title":"Muscle Satellite Cell Cross-Talk with a Vascular Niche Maintains Quiescence via VEGF and Notch Signaling","volume":"23","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-3-9","article-title":"Vascular-Targeted Therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Ennen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63490-x","article-title":"Resistance Training Preserves High-Intensity Interval Training Induced Improvements in Skeletal Muscle Capillarization of Healthy Old Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Leuchtmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12520","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12520","article-title":"Methods to Label, Image, and Analyze the Complex Structural Architectures of Microvascular Networks","volume":"26","author":"Corliss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00170.2018","article-title":"Integrated Method for Quantitative Morphometry and Oxygen Transport Modeling in Striated Muscle","volume":"126","author":"Kissane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12520","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101163RR","article-title":"Sensitivity to Behavioral Stress Impacts Disease Pathogenesis in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice","volume":"35","author":"Lindsay","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-020-01895-5","article-title":"Two New Reliable Immunohistochemical Methods for Simultaneous Identification of Capillaries, the Three Types of Fibers and Basal Lamina in Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"154","author":"Bailly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.151456","article-title":"PECAM-1: A Multi-Functional Molecule in Inflammation and Vascular Biology","volume":"27","author":"Woodfin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(89)90224-4","article-title":"Dystrophin in Skeletal Muscle II. Immunoreactivity in Patients with Xp21 Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"94","author":"Nicholson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90195-S","article-title":"Somatic Reversion\/Suppression of the Mouse Mdx Phenotype in Vivo","volume":"99","author":"Hoffman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199808)21:8<991::AID-MUS2>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Alternative dystrophin gene transcripts in golden retriever muscular dystrophy","volume":"21","author":"Schatzberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90095-5","article-title":"Canine X-Linked Muscular Dystrophy: Morphologic Lesions","volume":"97","author":"Valentine","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S359","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-210692","article-title":"Revertant Phenomenon in DMD and LGMD2I and Its Therapeutic Implications: A Review of Study Under Mentorship of Terrence Partridge","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_305","first-page":"950","article-title":"Somatic reversion\/suppression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): Evidence supporting a frame-restoring mechanism in rare dystrophin-positive fibers","volume":"50","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.148.5.985","article-title":"Massive Idiosyncratic Exon Skipping Corrects the Nonsense Mutation in Dystrophic Mouse Muscle and Produces Functional Revertant Fibers by Clonal Expansion","volume":"148","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.24.2745","article-title":"Suppression of Revertant Fibers in Mdx Mice by Expression of a Functional Dystrophin","volume":"10","author":"Crawford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90246-U","article-title":"Immunohistological Evidence for a Second or Somatic Mutations as the Underlying Cause of Dystrophin Expression by Isolated Fibres in Xp21 Muscular Dystrophy of Duchenne-Type Severity","volume":"118","author":"Jasani","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8966(97)00058-8","article-title":"Revertant fibres: A possible genetic therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy?","volume":"7","author":"Wilton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880181007","article-title":"Dystrophin-positive fibers in duchenne dystrophy: Origin and correlation to clinical course","volume":"18","author":"Fanin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nerve Muscle"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.03000","article-title":"Expansion of Revertant Fibers in Dystrophic Mdx Muscles Reflects Activity of Muscle Precursor Cells and Serves as an Index of Muscle Regeneration","volume":"119","author":"Yokota","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/nm897","article-title":"Functional Amounts of Dystrophin Produced by Skipping the Mutated Exon in the Mdx Dystrophic Mouse","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406700102","article-title":"Systemic delivery of antisense oligoribonucleotide restores dystrophin expression in body-wide skeletal muscles","volume":"102","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-020-0156-6","article-title":"Optimization of Antisense-Mediated Exon Skipping for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"27","author":"Dzierlega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2014.76","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy of Systemic Multiexon Skipping Targeting Dystrophin Exons 45-55 with a Cocktail of Vivo-Morpholinos in Mdx52 Mice","volume":"4","author":"Echigoya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic. Acids"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2478\/v10134-010-0034-7","article-title":"Exon-Specific Dystrophin Antibodies for Studies of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","volume":"1","author":"Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodippili, K., Vince, L., Shin, J.H., Yue, Y., Morris, G.E., McIntosh, M.A., and Duan, D. (2014). Characterization of 65 Epitope-Specific Dystrophin Monoclonal Antibodies in Canine and Murine Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy by Immunostaining and Western Blot. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088280"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-4-21","article-title":"SMASH\u2014Semi-Automatic Muscle Analysis Using Segmentation of Histology: A MATLAB Application","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00762.2017","article-title":"INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY MyoVision: Software for Automated High-Content Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Immunohistochemistry","volume":"124","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01022.2012","article-title":"Automated Image Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Cross-Sectional Area","volume":"114","author":"Mula","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00848.2013","article-title":"Automated Fiber-Type-Specific Cross-Sectional Area Assessment and Myonuclei Counting in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-018-0186-6","article-title":"Open-CSAM, a New Tool for Semi-Automated Analysis of Myofiber Cross-Sectional Area in Regenerating Adult Skeletal Muscle","volume":"9","author":"Desgeorges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-018-0178-6","article-title":"Automated Muscle Histopathology Analysis Using CellProfiler","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-019-0200-7","article-title":"Automated Image-Analysis Method for the Quantification of Fiber Morphometry and Fiber Type Population in Human Skeletal Muscle","volume":"9","author":"Periou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"},{"key":"ref_325","first-page":"e55441","article-title":"A Rapid Automated Protocol for Muscle Fiber Population Analysis in Rat Muscle Cross Sections Using Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry","volume":"2017","author":"Bergmeister","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25033","article-title":"Automated Muscle Fiber Type Population Analysis with ImageJ of Whole Rat Muscles Using Rapid Myosin Heavy Chain Immunohistochemistry","volume":"54","author":"Bergmeister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Encarnacion-Rivera, L., Foltz, S., Hartzell, H.C., and Choo, H. (2020). Myosoft: An Automated Muscle Histology Analysis Tool Using Machine Learning Algorithm Utilizing FIJI\/ImageJ Software. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229041"},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01416","article-title":"QuantiMus: A Machine Learning-Based Approach for High Precision Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Morphology","volume":"10","author":"Kastenschmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.04.020","article-title":"Automated High-Content Morphological Analysis of Muscle Fiber Histology","volume":"63","author":"Miazaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00257.2019","article-title":"INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY Muscle2View, a CellProfiler Pipeline for Detection of the Capillary-to-Muscle Fiber Interface and High-Content Quantification of Fiber Type-Specific Histology","volume":"127","author":"Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01018-x","article-title":"Cellpose: A Generalist Algorithm for Cellular Segmentation","volume":"18","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91191-6","article-title":"Automatic and Unbiased Segmentation and Quantification of Myofibers in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"11","author":"Waisman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-020-00250-5","article-title":"MyoSight\u2014Semi-Automated Image Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Cross Sections","volume":"10","author":"Babcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skelet. Muscle"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/16080\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:43:04Z","timestamp":1760146984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/24\/16080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"references-count":333,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms232416080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232416080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]}}}