{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:02:35Z","timestamp":1781568155464,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R21 NS113019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS113019"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["S10 OD021773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 OD021773"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["CBET-1512826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET-1512826"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS113019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS113019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10 OD021773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 OD021773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBET-1512826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBET-1512826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction\u2014Recovery from peripheral nerve injuries is poor even though injured peripheral axons can regenerate. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The most successful preclinical experimental treatments have relied on increasing the activity of the regenerating axons, but the approaches taken are not applicable to many nerve-injured patients. Bioluminescent optogenetics (BL-OG) is a novel method of increasing the excitation of neurons that might be similar to that found with activity-dependent experimental therapies. We investigated the use of BL-OG as an approach to promoting axon regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Methods\u2014BL-OG uses luminopsins, light-sensing ion channels (opsins) fused with a light-emitting luciferase. When exposed to a luciferase substrate, such as coelenterazine (CTZ), luminopsins expressed in neurons generate bioluminescence and produce excitation through their opsin component. Adeno-associated viral vectors encoding either an excitatory luminopsin (eLMO3) or a mutated form (R115A) that can generate bioluminescence but not excite neurons were injected into mouse sciatic nerves. After retrograde transport and viral transduction, nerves were cut and repaired by simple end-to-end anastomosis, and mice were treated with a single dose of CTZ. Results\u2014Four weeks after nerve injury, compound muscle action potentials (M waves) recorded in response to sciatic nerve stimulation were more than fourfold larger in mice expressing the excitatory luminopsin than in controls expressing the mutant luminopsin. The number of motor and sensory neurons retrogradely labeled from reinnervated muscles in mice expressing eLMO3 was significantly greater than the number in mice expressing the R115A luminopsin and not significantly different from those in intact mice. When viral injection was delayed so that luminopsin expression was induced after nerve injury, a clinically relevant scenario, evoked M waves recorded from reinnervated muscles were significantly larger after injury in eLMO3-expressing mice. Conclusions\u2014Treatment of peripheral nerve injuries using BL-OG has significant potential to enhance axon regeneration and promote functional recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Enhancing Motor and Sensory Axon Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury Using Bioluminescent Optogenetics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Ecanow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4341-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Isaacson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.JNS142111","article-title":"Falls and peripheral nerve injuries: An age-dependent relationship","volume":"123","author":"Bekelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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