{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:07:56Z","timestamp":1790795276881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program","award":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043283"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program","award":["2019R1A6C1010033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6C1010033"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043283"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["2019R1A6C1010033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6C1010033"]}]},{"name":"National Research Facilities and Equipment Center (NFEC)","award":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043283"]}]},{"name":"National Research Facilities and Equipment Center (NFEC)","award":["2019R1A6C1010033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6C1010033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication and interaction disorders, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. To date, no effective treatment strategies have been identified. However, photobiomodulation (PBM) is emerging as a promising treatment for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. We used mice exposed to valproic acid (VPA) as a model of ASD and found that pathological behavioral and histological changes that may have been induced by VPA were attenuated by PBM treatment. Pregnant mice that had been exposed to VPA were treated with PBM three times. Thereafter, we evaluated the offspring for developmental disorders, motor function, hyperactivity, repetitive behaviors, and cognitive impairment. PBM attenuated many of the pathological behaviors observed in the VPA-induced ASD mouse model. In addition, pathophysiological analyses confirmed that the increase in activated microglia and astrocytes observed in the VPA-induced ASD mouse model was attenuated by PBM treatment. This suggests that PBM can counteract the behavioral changes caused by neuroinflammation in ASD. Therefore, our data show that PBM has therapeutic potential and may reduce the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Photobiomodulation Attenuated Cognitive Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation in a Prenatal Valproic Acid-Induced Autism Spectrum Disorder Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ui-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laser, Graduate School, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namgue","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laser Research Center, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Chul","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"591","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","volume":"21","author":"Edition","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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