{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T20:12:17Z","timestamp":1792872737042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]],"date-time":"2022-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A3071922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A3071922"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2022R1F1A1071114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1F1A1071114"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A3071922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A3071922"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2022R1F1A1071114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1F1A1071114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology characterized by multi-organ fibrosis. Despite substantial investigation on SSc-related cellular and molecular mechanisms, effective therapies are still lacking. The skin, lungs, and gut are the most affected organs in SSc, which act as physical barriers and constantly communicate with colonized microbiota. Recent reports have documented a unique microbiome signature, which may be the pathogenic trigger or driver of SSc. Since gut microbiota influences the efficacy and toxicity of oral drugs, evaluating drug\u2013microbiota interactions has become an area of interest in disease treatment. The existing evidence highlights the potential of the microbial challenge as a novel therapeutic option in SSc. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge about molecular mechanisms of SSc and highlighted the underlying role of the microbiome in SSc pathogenesis. We have also discussed the latest therapeutic interventions using microbiomes in SSc, including drug\u2013microbiota interactions and animal disease models. This review aims to elucidate the pathophysiological connection and therapeutic potential of the microbiome in SSc. Insights into the microbiome will significantly improve our understanding of etiopathogenesis and developing therapeutics for SSc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1671427546000},"page":"16154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Microbiome in Systemic Sclerosis: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9315-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suhee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University and Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University and Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Il","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University and Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00683-2","article-title":"Advances in epigenetics in systemic sclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Tsou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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