{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:34:49Z","timestamp":1790793289573,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["no. 2021A1515220178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 2021A1515220178"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["no. 81771575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 81771575"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["no. 2021A1515220178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 2021A1515220178"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["no. 81771575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 81771575"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) is the primary innate immune cell group in male reproductive tissues, maintaining the balance of pro-inflammatory and immune tolerance. This article aims to outline the role of mononuclear macrophages in the immune balance of the testes and epididymis, and to understand the inner immune regulation mechanism. A review of pertinent publications was performed using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases on all articles published prior to January 2021. Search terms were based on the following keywords: \u2018MPS\u2019, \u2018mononuclear phagocytes\u2019, \u2018testes\u2019, \u2018epididymis\u2019, \u2018macrophage\u2019, \u2018M\u03c6\u2019, \u2018dendritic cell\u2019, \u2018DC\u2019, \u2018TLR\u2019, \u2018immune\u2019, \u2018inflammation\u2019, and \u2018polarization\u2019. Additionally, reference lists of primary and review articles were reviewed for other publications of relevance. This review concluded that MPS exhibits a precise balance in the male reproductive system. In the testes, MPS cells are mainly suppressed subtypes (M2 and cDC2) under physiological conditions, which maintain the local immune tolerance. Under pathological conditions, MPS cells will transform into M1 and cDC1, producing various cytokines, and will activate T cell specific immunity as defense to foreign pathogens or self-antigens. In the epididymis, MPS cells vary in the different segments, which express immune tolerance in the caput and pro-inflammatory condition in the cauda. Collectively, MPS is the control point for maintaining the immune tolerance of the testes and epididymis as well as for eliminating pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T02:58:27Z","timestamp":1671591507000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Role of Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Testes and Epididymis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humans Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiqian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinying","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5350-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, Centre of Assisted Reproduction and Embryology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproduction Health Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-0997(1996)4:3<131::AID-IDOG5>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Immune regulation in the male genital tract","volume":"4","author":"Witkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. 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