{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:57:31Z","timestamp":1791665851726,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Insect Allergy Fund of KU Leuven","award":["1801019N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1801019N"]}]},{"name":"Insect Allergy Fund of KU Leuven","award":["1805518N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805518N"]}]},{"name":"Insect Allergy Fund of KU Leuven","award":["1805523N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805523N"]}]},{"name":"Group of Biomedical Sciences of KU Leuven","award":["1801019N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1801019N"]}]},{"name":"Group of Biomedical Sciences of KU Leuven","award":["1805518N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805518N"]}]},{"name":"Group of Biomedical Sciences of KU Leuven","award":["1805523N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805523N"]}]},{"name":"KOOR UZ Leuven","award":["1801019N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1801019N"]}]},{"name":"KOOR UZ Leuven","award":["1805518N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805518N"]}]},{"name":"KOOR UZ Leuven","award":["1805523N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805523N"]}]},{"name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)","award":["1801019N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1801019N"]}]},{"name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)","award":["1805518N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805518N"]}]},{"name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)","award":["1805523N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805523N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant part of adult-onset asthma is caused by occupational exposure to both high- and low-molecular-mass agents. Insects are occasionally described to cause occupational allergy in professions including anglers and fishers, laboratory workers, employees of aquaculture companies, farmers, bakers, sericulture workers and pet shop workers. Occupational insect allergies are often respiratory, causing asthma or rhinoconjunctivitis, but can be cutaneous as well. The European Union recently approved three insect species for human consumption, enabling an industry to develop where more employees could be exposed to insect products. This review overviews knowledge on occupational insect allergy risks and the tools used to diagnose employees. Despite the limited availability of commercial occupational insect allergy diagnostics, 60.9% of 164 included reports used skin prick tests and 63.4% of reports used specific IgE tests. In 21.9% of reports, a more elaborate diagnosis of occupational asthma was made by specific inhalation challenges or peak expiratory flow measurements at the workplace. In some work environments, 57% of employees were sensitized, and no less than 60% of employees reported work-related symptoms. Further development and optimization of specific diagnostics, together with strong primary prevention, may be vital to the health conditions of workers in the developing insect industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T05:42:53Z","timestamp":1671601373000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reported Cases and Diagnostics of Occupational Insect Allergy: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Ganseman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke","family":"Gouwy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique M. A.","family":"Bullens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Breynaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department General Internal Medicine\u2013Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rik","family":"Schrijvers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department General Internal Medicine\u2013Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Proost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Research Group Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61164-7","article-title":"Exposure to substances in the workplace and new-onset asthma: An international prospective population-based study (ECRHS-II)","volume":"370","author":"Kogevinas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000535","article-title":"Occupational asthma: Clinical phenotypes, biomarkers, and management","volume":"25","author":"Quirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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