{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:08:19Z","timestamp":1791490099537,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":317,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D may have multiple effects on the nervous system and its deficiency can represent a possible risk factor for the development of many neurological diseases. Recent studies are also trying to clarify the different effects of vitamin D supplementation over the course of progressive neurological diseases. In this narrative review, we summarise vitamin D chemistry, metabolism, mechanisms of action, and the recommended daily intake. The role of vitamin D on gene transcription and the immune response is also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the scientific evidence that links low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations to the onset and progression of severe neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, migraine, diabetic neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Completed and ongoing clinical trials on vitamin D supplementation in neurological diseases are listed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T06:11:24Z","timestamp":1671603084000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6666-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Plantone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-7008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Primiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Manco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Locci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serenella","family":"Servidei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"De Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Precision and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25901","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Noncalcemic, Tissue-Selective, Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Modulators","volume":"116","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0380-3","article-title":"Evidence for the Importance of Vitamin D Status in Neurologic Conditions","volume":"17","author":"Yeshokumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Opt. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Somma, C., Scarano, E., Barrea, L., Zhukouskaya, V.V., Savastano, S., Mele, C., Scacchi, M., Aimaretti, G., Colao, A., and Marzullo, P. (2017). Vitamin D and Neurological Diseases: An Endocrine View. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112482"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-017-0120-8","article-title":"Vitamin D in the Prevention, Prediction and Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Neuroinflammatory Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Koduah","year":"2017","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, R., Morelli, M.E., and Caruso, P. (2018). Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0460.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.213","article-title":"History of the Discovery of Vitamin D and Its Active Metabolites","volume":"3","author":"DeLuca","year":"2014","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"E8","article-title":"The effect of additions of fluorine to the diet of the rat on the quality of the teeth. 1925. Studies on experimental rickets. XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. 1922. The effect of additions of fluorine to the diet of the rat on the quality of the teeth. 1925","volume":"277","author":"McCollum","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600710203","article-title":"Vitamin D: An Update","volume":"71","author":"Koshy","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.694","article-title":"The Case against Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) as a Vitamin Supplement","volume":"84","author":"Houghton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.35.818","article-title":"Diversity and Substrate Specificity in the Structures of Steroidogenic Cytochrome P450 Enzymes","volume":"35","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.01.013","article-title":"Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase\u2014Four Decades of Searching, Are We There Yet?","volume":"523","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315006110","article-title":"CYP2R1 Is a Major, but Not Exclusive, Contributor to 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Production in Vivo","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.12.009","article-title":"Regulation of the Extrarenal CYP27B1-Hydroxylase","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107932","article-title":"The Ionic Control of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Production in Isolated Chick Renal Tubules","volume":"55","author":"Bikle","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.4.1193","article-title":"Current Understanding of the Molecular Actions of Vitamin D","volume":"78","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6158","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01680.x","article-title":"Dual Metabolic Pathway of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Catalyzed by Human CYP24","volume":"267","author":"Sakaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2011.11.003","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-Hydroxylase (CYP24A1): Its Important Role in the Degradation of Vitamin D","volume":"523","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22451","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200578R","article-title":"Metabolic activation of tachysterol3 to biologically active hydroxyderivatives that act on VDR, AhR, LXRs, and PPAR\u03b3 receptors","volume":"36","author":"Slominski","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slominski, A.T., Janjetovic, Z., Fuller, B.E., Zmijewski, M.A., Tuckey, R.C., Nguyen, M.N., Sweatman, T., Li, W., Zjawiony, J., and Miller, D. (2010). Products of Vitamin D3 or 7-Dehydrocholesterol Metabolism by Cytochrome P450scc Show Anti-Leukemia Ef-fects, Having Low or Absent Calcemic Activity. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009907"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.11.010","article-title":"Novel activities of CYP11A1 and their potential physiological significance","volume":"151","author":"Slominski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-208975","article-title":"In vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D\u2083 metabolism initiated by P450scc and modified by CYP27B1","volume":"26","author":"Slominski","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14875","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14875","article-title":"Detection of novel CYP11A1-derived secosteroids in the human epidermis and serum and pig adrenal gland","volume":"5","author":"Slominski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-020-00913-6","article-title":"Photoprotective Properties of Vitamin D and Lumisterol Hydroxyderivatives","volume":"78","author":"Slominski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-242040","article-title":"ROR\u03b1 and ROR \u03b3 are expressed in human skin and serve as receptors for endogenously produced noncalce-mic 20-hydroxy- and 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"28","author":"Slominski","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slominski, A.T., Kim, T.K., Janjetovic, Z., Bro\u017cyna, A.A., \u017bmijewski, M.A., Xu, H., Sutter, T.R., Tuckey, R.C., Jetten, A.M., and Crossman, D.K. (2018). Differential and Overlapping Effects of 20,23(OH)\u2082D3 and 1,25(OH)\u2082D3 on Gene Expression in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes: Identification of AhR as an Alternative Receptor for 20,23(OH)\u2082D3. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103072"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87061-w","article-title":"Vitamin D and lumisterol derivatives can act on liver X receptors (LXRs)","volume":"11","author":"Slominski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00592","article-title":"Osteocytic FGF23 and Its Kidney Function","volume":"11","author":"Agoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.021","article-title":"Direct Action of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D on Bone: VDRKO Bone Shows Excessive Bone Formation in Normal Mineral Condition","volume":"89\u201390","author":"Tanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2423(08)00407-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of Arterial Calcification. Spotlight on The Inhibitors","volume":"46","author":"Nitschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M110.006718","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.006718","article-title":"Biochemical Characterization of Major Bone-Matrix Proteins Using Nanoscale-Size Bone Samples and Proteomics Methodology","volume":"10","author":"Sroga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7142","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i23.7142","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Intestinal Calcium Absorption","volume":"21","author":"Guizzardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9619-0","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D Action","volume":"92","author":"Haussler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"32","article-title":"Vitamin D Status as an International Issue: National Surveys and the Problem of Standardization","volume":"243","author":"Sempos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.227728","article-title":"National Estimates of Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Metabolite Concentrations Measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in the US Population during 2007\u20132010","volume":"146","author":"Schleicher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.103689","article-title":"Standardizing 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Values from the Canadian Health Measures Survey","volume":"102","author":"Sarafin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabenberg, M., Scheidt-Nave, C., Busch, M.A., Thamm, M., Rieckmann, N., Durazo-Arvizu, R.A., Dowling, K.G., \u0160krab\u00e1kov\u00e1, Z., Cashman, K.D., and Sempos, C.T. (2018). Implications of Standardization of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Data for the Evaluation of Vitamin D Status in Germany, Including a Temporal Analysis. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5769-y"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2015.1057898","article-title":"Standardizing Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Data from Four Nordic Population Samples Using the Vitamin D Standardization Program Protocols: Shedding New Light on Vitamin D Status in Nordic Individuals","volume":"75","author":"Cashman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.31","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Guidelines for Vitamin D","volume":"13","author":"Bouillon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00373","article-title":"Rationale and Plan for Vitamin D Food Fortification: A Review and Guidance Paper","volume":"9","author":"Pilz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cashman, K.D. (2018). Vitamin D Requirements for the Future\u2014Lessons Learned and Charting a Path Forward. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050533"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Vitamin D: Current Guidelines and Future Outlook","volume":"38","author":"Pilz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2231-3","article-title":"Vitamin D: Do We Get Enough?: A Discussion between Vitamin D Experts in Order to Make a Step towards the Harmonisation of Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D across Europe","volume":"24","author":"Bouillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3185","article-title":"Vitamin D, Calcium, OR Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults Us Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"319","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0432","article-title":"Vitamin D Testing and Treatment: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence","volume":"8","author":"Pilz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151415","article-title":"The Positive Impact of General Vitamin D Food Fortification Policy on Vitamin D Status in a Representative Adult Finnish Population: Evidence from an 11-y Follow-up Based on Standardized 25-HydroxyVitamin D Data","volume":"105","author":"Itkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.09.034","article-title":"Survey of Current Vitamin D Food Fortification Practices in the United States and Canada","volume":"136","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117000349","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency as a Public Health Issue: Using Vitamin D2 or Vitamin D3 in Future Fortification Strategies","volume":"76","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.08.010","article-title":"Vitamin D Fortification of Foods and Prospective Health Outcomes","volume":"285","author":"Moulas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itkonen, S.T., Erkkola, M., and Lamberg-Allardt, C.J.E. (2018). Vitamin D Fortification of Fluid Milk Products and Their Contribution to Vitamin D Intake and Vitamin D Status in Observational Studies\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081054"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202759","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/202759","article-title":"Nutrigenomics: Definitions and Advances of This New Science","volume":"2014","author":"Sales","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.012","article-title":"Genome-wide Principles of Gene Regulation by the Vitamin D Receptor and Its Activating Ligand","volume":"347","author":"Pike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2019). Nutrigenomics of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030676"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42968-2","article-title":"1 Alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Receptors in Intestine. I. Association of 1 Alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol with Intestinal Mucosa Chromatin","volume":"249","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.11.070191.001201","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Receptors: Structure and Function in Transcription","volume":"11","author":"Pike","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.10.011","article-title":"Genomic Determinants of Vitamin D-Regulated Gene Expression","volume":"100","author":"Pike","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41114","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003791200","article-title":"Dimerization with Retinoid X Receptors Promotes Nuclear Localization and Subnuclear Targeting of Vitamin D Receptors","volume":"275","author":"Racz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.004","article-title":"Fundamentals of Vitamin D Hormone-Regulated Gene Expression","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Pike","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.02.036","article-title":"Emerging Regulatory Paradigms for Control of Gene Expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"121","author":"Pike","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)46779-2","article-title":"Interaction between Retinoic Acid and Vitamin D Signaling Pathways","volume":"268","author":"Bendik","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2022). Vitamin D and Its Target Genes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071354"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0383","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Signaling and Its Therapeutic Implications: Genome-Wide and Structural View","volume":"93","author":"Carlberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8822","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt578","article-title":"Identification of cis-regulatory modules in promoters of human genes exploiting mutual positioning of transcription factors","volume":"41","author":"Nandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.07.001","article-title":"Biology and Mechanisms of Action of the Vitamin D Hormone","volume":"46","author":"Pike","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.05020-11","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) Ameliorates Th17 Autoimmunity via Transcriptional Modulation of Interleukin-17A","volume":"31","author":"Joshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.621839","article-title":"The Active Form of Vitamin D Transcriptionally Represses Smad7 Signaling and Activates Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) to Inhibit the Differentiation of a Inflammatory T Helper Cell Subset and Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"290","author":"Nanduri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121172198","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Modulation by 1alpha,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its Analogs: A Vitamin D Receptor-Dependent Pathway That Promotes a Persistent State of Immaturity in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"98","author":"Griffin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.03.016","article-title":"Molecular Endocrinology of Vitamin D on the Epigenome Level","volume":"453","author":"Carlberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00164","article-title":"Vitamin D and the Epigenome","volume":"5","author":"Fetahu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041112","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Stimulates Cyclic Vitamin D Receptor\/Retinoid X Receptor DNA-Binding, Co-Activator Recruitment, and Histone Acetylation in Intact Osteoblasts","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2018.05.006","article-title":"The Impact of the Vitamin D-Modulated Epigenome on VDR Target Gene Regulation","volume":"1861","author":"Nurminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4267","article-title":"Agonist-Triggered Modulation of the Activated and Silent State of the Vitamin D(3) Receptor by Interaction with Co-Repressors and Co-Activators","volume":"304","author":"Herdick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1455","article-title":"VDR-Alien: A Novel, DNA-Selective Vitamin D(3) Receptor-Corepressor Partnership","volume":"14","author":"Polly","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr399","article-title":"KDM6B\/JMJD3 Histone Demethylase Is Induced by Vitamin D and Modulates Its Effects in Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0382-y","article-title":"LSD1 Dual Function in Mediating Epigenetic Corruption of the Vitamin D Signaling in Prostate Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Battaglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.013","article-title":"Vitamin D Switches BAF Complexes to Protect \u03b2 Cells","volume":"173","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","article-title":"Vitamin D and Immune Function","volume":"5","author":"Prietl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1851","article-title":"Vitamin D Controls T Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling and Activation of Human T Cells","volume":"11","author":"Kongsbak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838216","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) Promotes IL-10 Production in Human B Cells","volume":"38","author":"Heine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200786","article-title":"Availability of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) to APCs Controls the Balance between Regulatory and Inflammatory T Cell Responses","volume":"189","author":"Jeffery","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1433","article-title":"DCs Metabolize Sunlight-Induced Vitamin D3 to \u201cprogram\u201d T Cell Attraction to the Epidermal Chemokine CCL27","volume":"8","author":"Sigmundsdottir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kongsbak, M., von Essen, M.R., Levring, T.B., Schjerling, P., Woetmann, A., \u00d8dum, N., Bonefeld, C.M., and Geisler, C. (2014). Vitamin D-Binding Protein Controls T Cell Responses to Vitamin D. BMC Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-014-0035-2"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.092","article-title":"1alpha-Hydroxylase Transactivation by Gamma-Interferon in Murine Macrophages Requires Enhanced C\/EBPbeta Expression and Activation","volume":"89\u201390","author":"Esteban","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.037","article-title":"Human T Lymphocytes Are Direct Targets of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Immune System","volume":"121","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1993.tb03237.x","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Exerts Opposing Effects to IL-4 on MHC Class-II Antigen Expression, Accessory Activity, and Phagocytosis of Human Monocytes","volume":"38","author":"XU","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: Modulator of the Immune System","volume":"10","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2909","article-title":"Cutting Edge: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is a Direct Inducer of Antimicrobial Peptide Gene Expression","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","article-title":"Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (CAMP) Gene Is a Direct Target of the Vitamin D Receptor and Is Strongly up-Regulated in Myeloid Cells by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"19","author":"Gombart","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9195-z","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in the Immune System","volume":"13","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102412","article-title":"Vitamin D Inhibits Monocyte\/Macrophage Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Targeting MAPK Phosphatase-1","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.11.017","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 in immunology, physiology, and disease","volume":"90","author":"Wancket","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11681","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.517581","article-title":"Vitamin D Inhibits COX-2 Expression and Inflammatory Response by Targeting Thioesterase Superfamily Member 4","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1275","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Alters Murine Dendritic Cell Behaviour in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"27","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ao, T., Kikuta, J., and Ishii, M. (2021). The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111624"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130395","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates cytokine patterns secreted by dendritic cells to promote differentiation of IL-22-producing T cells","volume":"10","author":"Sommer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.145","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Selectively Modulates Tolerogenic Properties in Myeloid but Not Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells","volume":"178","author":"Penna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1605","article-title":"Expression of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) Receptor in the Immune System","volume":"374","author":"Veldman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.30699\/ijp.13.1.10","article-title":"The Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on the Expression of IL-12 and TGF-\u03b2 in the Spinal Cord and Serum of Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"13","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martens, P.J., Gysemans, C., Verstuyf, A., and Mathieu, C. (2020). Vitamin D\u2019s Effect on Immune Function. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051248"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2018.11.001","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Induces Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-like Structures and Modulates the Transcription of Genes Whose Products Are Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Associated Proteins: A Pilot Study","volume":"141","author":"Giraldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-120014721","article-title":"Human Neutrophils Express Messenger RNA of Vitamin D Receptor and Respond to 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"24","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2378","article-title":"Vitamin Effects on the Immune System: Vitamins A and D Take Centre Stage","volume":"8","author":"Mora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1634","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Human B Cell Differentiation","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12406","article-title":"Impaired T Cell Activation and Cytokine Production by Calcitriol-Primed Human B Cells","volume":"178","author":"Drozdenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4280876","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4280876","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Suppresses Class II Invariant Chain Peptide Expression on Activated B-Lymphocytes: A Plausible Mechanism for Downregulation of Acute Inflammatory Conditions","volume":"2016","author":"Danner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.007","article-title":"Modulation of Inflammatory and Immune Responses by Vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Colotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.5.3032","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses human T helper\/inducer lymphocyte activity in vitro","volume":"134","author":"Lemire","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110001722","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Effect of Vitamin D on the Immune System","volume":"69","author":"Cantorna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000695","article-title":"The Vitamin D Analog, TX527, Promotes a Human CD4+CD25highCD127low Regulatory T Cell Profile and Induces a Migratory Signature Specific for Homing to Sites of Inflammation","volume":"186","author":"Baeke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"1704S","article-title":"Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Preferential inhibition of Th1 functions","volume":"125","author":"Lemire","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.04.009","article-title":"Vitamin D in Autoimmune, Infectious and Allergic Diseases: A Vital Player?","volume":"25","author":"Gysemans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.163790","article-title":"Lineage-Specific Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) on the Development of Effector CD4 T Cells","volume":"286","author":"Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1329-3","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Life Accelerates Type 1 Diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice","volume":"47","author":"Giulietti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.08.005","article-title":"Vitamin D modulates different IL-17-secreting T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"299","author":"Hygino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4974","article-title":"1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Has a Direct Effect on Naive CD4(+) T Cells to Enhance the Development of Th2 Cells","volume":"167","author":"Boonstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.11.008","article-title":"Vitamin D Has a Direct Immunomodulatory Effect on CD8+ T Cells of Patients with Early Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Control Subjects","volume":"233","author":"Lysandropoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aly, M.G., Trojan, K., Weimer, R., Morath, C., Opelz, G., Tohamy, M.A., and Daniel, V. (2016). Low-Dose Oral Cholecalciferol Is Associated with Higher Numbers of Helios(+) and Total Tregs than Oral Calcitriol in Renal Allograft Recipients: An Observational Study. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-016-0066-9"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1276","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Peripheral Regulatory T Cells and \u03b2 Cell Function in Healthy Humans: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Bock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6144","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6144","article-title":"Transcriptional Profiling of Gamma Delta T Cells Identifies a Role for Vitamin D in the Immunoregulation of the V Gamma 9V Delta 2 Response to Phosphate-Containing Ligands","volume":"174","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxu147","article-title":"NKT Cells Can Help Mediate the Protective Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice","volume":"27","author":"Waddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075111","article-title":"Factors Affecting 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Response to Vitamin D Supplementation","volume":"7","author":"Mazahery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2021). 2021 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement., 17, 327\u2013406.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12328"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a Biological Definition of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1254-6","article-title":"A Novel in Vivo Model of Tau Propagation with Rapid and Progressive Neurofibrillary Tangle Pathology: The Pattern of Spread Is Determined by Connectivity, Not Proximity","volume":"127","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1111-5","article-title":"Prion-Like Propagation of Post-Translationally Modified Tau in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Hypothesis","volume":"65","author":"Sonawane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2174\/18756190MTE1dNjU60","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Opportunities for Drug Development","volume":"20","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2000.03200.x","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Inflammation: A Review of Cellular and Therapeutic Mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Halliday","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0731-7","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4 and Meningeal Lymphatics in Alzheimer Disease: A Conceptual Framework","volume":"26","author":"Mentis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.05.002","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Metal Ions and Metal Homeostatic Therapy","volume":"30","author":"Zatta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.222","article-title":"Vascular Dysfunction\u2014The Disregarded Partner of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Sweeney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.053","article-title":"Dysregulation of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014A Therapeutic Opportunity?","volume":"483","author":"Popugaeva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.1125","article-title":"Relationships between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurotransmission Failure in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161088","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Synaptic Dysfunction, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Trushina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160726","article-title":"Mitochondrial Aspects of Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1080","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Interacts with Curcuminoids to Stimulate Amyloid-\u03b2 Clearance by Macrophages of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"17","author":"Masoumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.06.007","article-title":"Role of Vitamin D in Amyloid Clearance via LRP-1 Upregulation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Target?","volume":"85","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-110560","article-title":"Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling Induced by 1\u03b1,25(OH) 2-Vitamin D3 Promotes the Recovery of Amyloid-\u03b2 Phagocytosis by Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Macrophages","volume":"29","author":"Mizwicki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00725-8","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2-Induced Transcription of the Alzheimer \u03b2-Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Involves Interaction between the CTCF-Complex and Smads","volume":"295","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1317","article-title":"Convergence of Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 and Vitamin D Signaling Pathways on SMAD Transcriptional Coactivators","volume":"283","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2019). Vitamin D Deficiency: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, Gene Regulation, and Aging. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020030"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bivona, G., Lo Sasso, B., Gambino, C.M., Giglio, R.V., Scazzone, C., Agnello, L., and Ciaccio, M. (2021). The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030334"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"192747","article-title":"Vitamin D and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Neurocognition to Therapeutics","volume":"2015","author":"Banerjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease","volume":"83","author":"Littlejohns","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170407","article-title":"Vitamin D and the Risk of Dementia: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"60","author":"Licher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181beecb7","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Dementia, and Cerebrovascular Pathology in Elders Receiving Home Services","volume":"74","author":"Buell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.05.1765","article-title":"Reduced 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Vascular Dementia","volume":"10","author":"Afzal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000339702","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency, Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Etgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000175","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Risk of Dementia","volume":"25","author":"Knekt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826c197f","article-title":"Vitamin D, Cognition, and Dementia; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"79","author":"Balion","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.03.003","article-title":"Associations of Lower Vitamin D Concentrations with Cognitive Decline and Long-Term Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Older Adults","volume":"13","author":"Feart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00936","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.936","article-title":"Serum Vitamin D in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Ouma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190713","article-title":"Circulating Vitamin D Levels and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study in the IGAP and UK Biobank","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160393","article-title":"Normal Vitamin Levels and Nutritional Indices in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia with Normal Body Mass Indexes","volume":"55","author":"Ulstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150991","article-title":"Association of Serum Vitamin D with the Risk of Incident Dementia and Subclinical Indices of Brain Aging: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"51","author":"Karakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16804","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016804","article-title":"Vitamin D Concentration and Risk of Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1436639","article-title":"Vitamin D status and risk of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of dose-response","volume":"22","author":"Jayedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, B., Gao, F., Wu, R., Dong, T., Gu, C., Lin, Q., and Zhang, Y. (2019). Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An updated meta-analysis. BMC Neurol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1500-6"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e638","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000001302","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplement for Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.09.021","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Extraskeletal Indications in Older Persons","volume":"21","author":"Bode","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"CD011906","article-title":"Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation for Maintaining Cognitive Function in Cognitively Healthy People in Mid and Late Life","volume":"12","author":"Rutjes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.11.020","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Effect on Cognitive Performance after Four Months in Mid-Aged and Older Subjects","volume":"396","author":"Jorde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16909","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults: The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"324","author":"Vellas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"175","article-title":"Effects of a Six-Month Multi-Ingredient Nutrition Supplement Intervention of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Vitamin D, Resveratrol, and Whey Protein on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial","volume":"5","author":"Moran","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil Mart\u00ednez, V., Avedillo Salas, A., and Santander Ballest\u00edn, S. (2022). Vitamin Supplementation and Dementia: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051033"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0619-x","article-title":"Rapid Correction of Low Vitamin D Status in Nursing Home Residents","volume":"19","author":"Przybelski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110149","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D2 Followed by Intranasal Insulin in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Stein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Blood A\u03b2-Related Biomarkers in Older Adults with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"90","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200926","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Cognitive Function through Reducing Oxidative Stress Regulated by Telomere Length in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13670","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13670","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation worsens Alzheimer\u2019s progression: Animal model and human cohort studies","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.13","article-title":"Parkinson Disease","volume":"3","author":"Poewe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00094.x","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2019s Role in Cell Proliferation and Differentiation","volume":"66","author":"Samuel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.120","article-title":"Serum Vitamin D and the Risk of Parkinson Disease","volume":"67","author":"Knekt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26573","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Mid-Adulthood and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Risk","volume":"31","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27127","article-title":"Vitamin D in the Parkinson Associated Risk Syndrome (PARS) Study","volume":"32","author":"Fullard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.02.018","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"699","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"463483","article-title":"The Effects of Uric Acid, Serum Vitamin D3, and Their Interaction on Parkinson\u2019s Disease Severity","volume":"2015","author":"Meamar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00909","article-title":"Association between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a95818","article-title":"Unrecognized Vitamin D3 Deficiency Is Common in Parkinson Disease: Harvard Biomarker Study","volume":"81","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24016","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, and Severity of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.30","article-title":"High Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D Status in Patients with Early Parkinson Disease","volume":"68","author":"Evatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2266","article-title":"Vitamin D, Race, and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness","volume":"8","author":"McCarty","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.08.003","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Level May Be Associated with Olfactory Dysfunction in de Novo Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"547","article-title":"Memory, Mood, and Vitamin D in Persons with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"3","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919839","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.919839","article-title":"Association Between Vitamin D Supplementation and Fall Prevention","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.16.1999","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis","volume":"291","author":"Willett","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"CD007146","article-title":"Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community","volume":"2012","author":"Gillespie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.051664","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Parkinson Disease","volume":"97","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40734-018-0074-6","article-title":"Characterization of Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in a Large Cohort of Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Luthra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14393","article-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Clinical Review","volume":"27","author":"Masrori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17071","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.71","article-title":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Hardiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00697","article-title":"Is There a Role for Vitamin D in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lanznaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8009","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0281-9","article-title":"Reduced Plasma Levels of 25-Hydroxycholesterol and Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Bile Acid Precursors in Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"54","author":"Crick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.07.040","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Primary Immune-Mediated Peripheral Neuropathies","volume":"345","author":"Elf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.11138\/FNeur\/2017.32.1.035","article-title":"Vitamin D in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Libonati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P2.069","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.P2.069","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels in Serum of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. (P2.069)","volume":"84","author":"Cortese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25555","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Gross Motor Function in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Paganoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12423","article-title":"Vitamin D Is Not a Protective Factor in ALS","volume":"21","author":"Blasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.005","article-title":"Vitamin D Confers Protection to Motoneurons and Is a Prognostic Factor of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Camu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.05.007","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels Are Not Predictors of Survival in a Clinic Population of Patients with ALS","volume":"367","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00363","article-title":"Low 25OH Vitamin D Blood Levels Are Independently Associated with Higher Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Severity Scores: Results from a Prospective Study","volume":"11","author":"Pageot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12463","article-title":"Investigation of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"133","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.008","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Evidence for implication in detoxification pathways of environmental toxicants","volume":"116","author":"Dardiotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0448-3","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Has No Effects on Progression of Motor Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"74","author":"Trojsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.01.011","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Supplementation in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Karam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30959-X","article-title":"Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Progress and Challenges","volume":"389","author":"Brownlee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis: The 2013 Revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70243-0","article-title":"Primary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2013.865866","article-title":"Environmental Factors in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Ascherio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.101196","article-title":"Regional Variations in the Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in French Farmers","volume":"78","author":"Vukusic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.1.1","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis in Three Australian Cities: Perth, Newcastle and Hobart","volume":"111","author":"Hammond","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.10.903","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis in Australia and New Zealand: Are the Determinants Genetic or Environmental?","volume":"53","author":"Miller","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1960.tb08674.x","article-title":"Some comments on the relationship of the distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude, solar radiation, and other variables","volume":"35","author":"Acheson","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.29.9_Part_1.1228","article-title":"Epidemiology of Multiple Sclerosis in U.S. Veterans: 1. Race, Sex, and Geographic Distribution","volume":"29","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513509508","article-title":"Fatty Fish Intake Is Associated with Decreased Occurrence of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Olsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195205082461901","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway its geographic and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition","volume":"246","author":"Swank","year":"1952","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0395-5","article-title":"Outdoor Activities and Diet in Childhood and Adolescence Relate to MS Risk above the Arctic Circle","volume":"254","author":"Kampman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12788","article-title":"Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, but Not the Bioavailable Fraction of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Is a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Behrens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"296","author":"Munger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12617","article-title":"Vitamin D Is Associated with Degree of Disability in Patients with Fully Ambulatory Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Thouvenot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.07.046","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Disability and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Independently of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress","volume":"381","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508094399","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Metabolite Levels with Relapse Rate and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Smolders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.05.022","article-title":"The Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels with Multiple Sclerosis Severity and Progression in a Case-Control Study from China","volume":"297","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6417","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110606417","article-title":"Environmental Factors and Multiple Sclerosis Severity: A Descriptive Study","volume":"11","author":"Mandia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5993","article-title":"Vitamin D as an Early Predictor of Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression","volume":"71","author":"Ascherio","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muris, A.H., Smolders, J., Rolf, L., Klinkenberg, L.J.J., van der Linden, N., Meex, S., Damoiseaux, J., and Hupperts, R. (2016). Vitamin D Status Does Not Affect Disability Progression of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis over Three Year Follow-Up. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156122"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2742","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Levels with Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression in Patients Receiving Interferon Beta-1b","volume":"72","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.11.009","article-title":"A Low Vitamin D Status at Diagnosis Is Associated with an Early Conversion to Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"164","author":"Muris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.06.027","article-title":"Vitamin D-Mediated Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"311","author":"Correale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.105320","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Intact Parathyroid Hormone Levels Indicate the Importance of Vitamin D and Calcium Homeostasis Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22043","article-title":"Higher 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated with Lower Relapse Risk in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513489756","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D-Related Interventions on Multiple Sclerosis Relapses: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokry, L.E., Ross, S., Ahmad, O.S., Forgetta, V., Smith, G.D., Goltzman, D., Leong, A., Greenwood, C.M., Thanassoulis, G., and Richards, J.B. (2015). Vitamin D and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001866"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458521995484","article-title":"The relative contributions of obesity, vitamin D, leptin, and adiponectin to multiple sclerosis risk: A Mendelian randomization mediation analysis","volume":"27","author":"Harroud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1165","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001165","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D and Body Mass Index on Disease Risk and Relapse Hazard in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"9","author":"Vandebergh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-012-0166-2","article-title":"Preventive Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Conversion of Optic Neuritis to Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"113","author":"Derakhshandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514554053","article-title":"Effect of Alfacalcidol on Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"21","author":"Achiron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"452541","article-title":"Effects of Adjunct Low-Dose Vitamin D on Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Progression: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"2012","author":"Shaygannejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301876","article-title":"A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial with Vitamin D3 as an Add on Treatment to Interferon \u03b2-1b in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"83","author":"Elovaara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511434607","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Relapses, Disease Progression, and Measures of Function in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: Exploratory Outcomes from a Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"18","author":"Kampman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002316","article-title":"Safety and Immunologic Effects of High- vs Low-Dose Cholecalciferol in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Sotirchos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golan, D., Halhal, B., Glass-Marmor, L., Staun-Ram, E., Rozenberg, O., Lavi, I., Dishon, S., Barak, M., Ish-Shalom, S., and Miller, A. (2013). Vitamin D Supplementation for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Interferon-Beta: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Effect on Flu-like Symptoms and Immunomodulatory Properties. BMC Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-60"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182343274","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of High-Dose Vitamin D2 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Stein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.158266","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Vitamin D Deficient Patients with Optic Neuritis: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Salari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"2055217317727296","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D3 in Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Healthy Control Participants: A Double-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"3","author":"Sulaimani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1906","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008445","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Daily High-Dose Vitamin D3 in Patients with RRMS Receiving Subcutaneous Interferon \u03b2-1a","volume":"93","author":"Hupperts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e597","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000597","article-title":"Cholecalciferol in Relapsing-Remitting MS: A Randomized Clinical Trial (CHOLINE)","volume":"6","author":"Camu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9074-6","article-title":"Vitamin D for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"265","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"2055217320903474","article-title":"High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis\u2014Results from the Randomized EVIDIMS (Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Multiple Sclerosis) Trial","volume":"6","author":"Wernecke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2014.10.004","article-title":"The Vitamin D to Ameliorate Multiple Sclerosis (VIDAMS) Trial: Study Design for a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Bhargava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182242d34","article-title":"Low Bone Mass in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Sclerosis and Clinically Isolated Syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Moen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01548.x","article-title":"Fractures and Falls in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Moen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000422676.74031.07","article-title":"Risk of Fractures in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"79","author":"Dobson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00674-8","article-title":"An Update on Vitamin D and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Smolders","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-03230","article-title":"How UV Light Touches the Brain and Endocrine System Through Skin, and Why","volume":"159","author":"Slominski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14120","article-title":"Updates on Migraine Epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Mattiuzzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-004-0263-y","article-title":"Disability and Quality of Life in Different Primary Headaches: Results from Italian Studies","volume":"25","author":"Bussone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1997.3702071.x","article-title":"Loss of Productivity and Quality of Life in Migraine Sufferers among French Workers: Results from the GAZEL Cohort","volume":"37","author":"Michel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-0993-0","article-title":"A Narrative Review on the Burden of Migraine: When the Burden Is the Impact on People\u2019s Life","volume":"20","author":"Leonardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-010-0282-4","article-title":"Migraine and Psychiatric Comorbidity: A Review of Clinical Findings","volume":"12","author":"Antonaci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1416","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1416","article-title":"Chronic Migraine","volume":"348","author":"Schwedt","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0521-0","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Evidence-Based Preventive Options for Chronic Migraine","volume":"19","author":"Starling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitsikostas, D.D., and Rapoport, A.M. (2015). New Players in the Preventive Treatment of Migraine. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0522-1"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00198-2","article-title":"New Therapeutic Approaches for the Prevention and Treatment of Migraine","volume":"14","author":"Diener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13096","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Chronic Tension-Type Headache: A Case-Control Study","volume":"57","author":"Prakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414559733","article-title":"Association of Statin Use and Risk for Severe Headache or Migraine by Serum Vitamin D Status: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study","volume":"35","author":"Buettner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12456","article-title":"Serum Levels of Vitamin D, Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Vitamin D Receptor in Migraine Patients from Central Anatolia Region","volume":"68","author":"Celikbilek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.120487","article-title":"Interrelationships between Chronic Tension-Type Headache, Musculoskeletal Pain, and Vitamin D Deficiency: Is Osteomalacia Responsible for Both Headache and Musculoskeletal Pain?","volume":"16","author":"Prakash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39697","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39697","article-title":"Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated with Higher Risk of Frequent Headache in Middle-Aged and Older Men","volume":"7","author":"Virtanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2010.505407","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain, Fatigue and Headache: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study in a Multi-Ethnic General Practice in Norway","volume":"28","author":"Knutsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A184","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-16-S1-A184","article-title":"P060. Vitamin D Deficiency in Episodic Migraine, Chronic Migraine and Medication-Overuse Headache Patients","volume":"16","author":"Iannacchero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3384-4","article-title":"Relationship between Severity of Migraine and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Case-Control Study","volume":"39","author":"Rapisarda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.09.010","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Children with Headache: A Case-Control Study","volume":"23","author":"Donmez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13423","article-title":"Serum Vitamin D Status in a Group of Migraine Patients Compared With Healthy Controls: A Case-Control Study","volume":"58","author":"Togha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2018.14.3.366","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on the Frequency of Headaches in Migraine","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-019-01134-2","article-title":"The Role of Obesity and Vitamin D Deficiency in Primary Headaches in Childhood","volume":"120","author":"Bala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651750","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.651750","article-title":"Vitamin D, Chronic Migraine, and Extracranial Pain: Is There a Link? Data From an Observational Study","volume":"12","author":"Rebecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02250.x","article-title":"Association between Headache and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: The Troms\u00f8 Study: Troms\u00f8 6","volume":"52","author":"Eggen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514782","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/514782","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Migraine Patients: A Case-Control Study","volume":"2014","author":"Zandifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.12.008","article-title":"Vitamin D serum levels in patients with migraine: A meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Liampas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_282","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D and tension-type headache: Causal association or epiphenomenon?","volume":"9","author":"Liampas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20143606","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Therapy in Addition to Amitriptyline on Migraine Attacks in Pediatric Patients","volume":"47","author":"Cayir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.163971","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Symptoms and C-Reactive Protein in Migraine Patients","volume":"20","author":"Mottaghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24534","article-title":"Simvastatin and Vitamin D for Migraine Prevention: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"78","author":"Buettner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1519503","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Trial of Vitamin D 3 Supplementation in Adult Patients with Migraine","volume":"35","author":"Gazerani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.05.005","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathy: Mechanisms to Management","volume":"120","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.6.1115","article-title":"Variables Influencing Neuropathic Endpoints: The Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study of Healthy Subjects","volume":"45","author":"Dyck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0097-9","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathy: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association","volume":"40","author":"Boulton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.01.017","article-title":"The Current Burden of Diabetic Foot Disease","volume":"17","author":"Edmonds","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.11.733","article-title":"Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Quality of Life","volume":"91","author":"Benbow","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03379.x","article-title":"Association between Vitamin D and Diabetic Neuropathy in a Nationally Representative Sample: Results from 2001-2004 NHANES","volume":"29","author":"Soderstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03510.x","article-title":"Does Vitamin D Deficiency Play a Role in Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes?","volume":"29","author":"Shehab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med"},{"key":"ref_295","first-page":"11","article-title":"Association of Serum Vitamin D Level with Diabetic Polyneuropathy","volume":"2","author":"Chaychi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Pract. Rev."},{"key":"ref_296","first-page":"599","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Diabetic Nephropathy in Tianjin, China","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2820","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2820","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Peripheral Neuropathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521001707","article-title":"Is Diabetic Neuropathy Associated with Vitamin D Status? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"127","author":"Yammine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.03.041","article-title":"Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Promotes the Acute Phase Response\u2014A Rationale for Supplemental Vitamin D in Prevention of Vascular Events in the Elderly","volume":"64","author":"McCarty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70029-8","article-title":"Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"82","author":"Boulton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00348","article-title":"Focus on 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Peripheral Nervous System","volume":"13","author":"Faye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13798","article-title":"Reduced Vitamin D Levels in Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"36","author":"Shillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14332.OR","article-title":"Vitamin D Insufficiency Is Associated with Reduced Parasympathetic Nerve Fiber Function in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Maser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S341862","article-title":"The Benefits of Add-on Therapy of Vitamin D 5000 IU to the Vitamin D Levels and Symptoms in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"14","author":"Pinzon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.12.014","article-title":"Dose Vitamin D Supplementations Improve Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy? A before-after Clinical Trial","volume":"13","author":"Mozafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000375304","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation of the Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin d Supplementation on Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"24","author":"Shehab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000148","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2015-000148","article-title":"Vitamin D for the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"4","author":"Basit","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.7.771","article-title":"Vitamin D as an Analgesic for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Neuropathic Pain","volume":"168","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2022.03.012","article-title":"Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"44","author":"Putz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E20871","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020871","article-title":"The Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karonova, T., Stepanova, A., Bystrova, A., and Jude, E.B. (2020). High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Microcirculation and Reduces Inflammation in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092518"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-014-0258-3","article-title":"The Prevention of Fragility Fractures in Diabetic Patients","volume":"27","author":"Gonnelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12032","article-title":"Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation and Cognitive Impairment in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"60","author":"Rossom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e31826df647","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Combination of Memantine plus Vitamin D on Cognition in Patients with Alzheimer Disease: A Pre-Post Pilot Study","volume":"25","author":"Annweiler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0175","article-title":"Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"2","author":"Scragg","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04220-8","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Might Improve Headache Characteristics and Protect against Inflammation in Migraine: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"41","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_317","first-page":"77","article-title":"Efficacy of Topiramate Alone and Topiramate plus Vitamin D3 in the Prophylaxis of Pediatric Migraine: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"14","author":"Fallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Child Neurol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/1\/87\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:45:19Z","timestamp":1760147119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/1\/87"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"references-count":317,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24010087"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010087","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]}}}