{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:54:48Z","timestamp":1790434488992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW) NHS Trust"},{"name":"Aston University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ, secreting a plethora of adipokines which play a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and other physiological processes. An altered adipokine secretion profile from adipose tissue depots has been associated with obesity and related cardio-metabolic diseases. Asprosin is a recently described adipokine that is released in response to fasting and can elicit orexigenic and glucogenic effects. Circulating asprosin levels are elevated in a number of cardio-metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. In vitro studies have reported pro-inflammatory effects of asprosin in a variety of tissues. The present study aimed to further elucidate the role of asprosin in inflammation by exploring its potential effect(s) in THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated to macrophages by 48 h treatment with dihydroxyvitamin D3. Macrophages were treated with 100 nM recombinant human asprosin, 100 ng\/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 10 \u03bcM caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE; an inhibitor of NF\u03baB activation) or 1 \u00b5M TAK-242 (a Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4, inhibitor). The expression and secretion of pertinent pro-inflammatory mediators were measured by qPCR, Western blot, ELISA and Bioplex. Asprosin stimulation significantly upregulated the expression and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-8 and IL-12 in vitro. This pro-inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophages was partly attenuated by the treatments with CAPE and was significantly inhibited by TAK-242 treatment. Asprosin-induced inflammation is significantly counteracted by TLR4 inhibition in THP-1 macrophages, suggesting that asprosin exerts its pro-inflammatory effects, at least in part, via the TLR4 signalling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T02:36:46Z","timestamp":1671763006000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Asprosin Exerts Pro-Inflammatory Effects in THP-1 Macrophages Mediated via the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-1552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Shabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5935-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seley","family":"Gharanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Orton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanlata","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parbata","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Karteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpal S.","family":"Randeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK"},{"name":"Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, December 16). 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