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Connections between the gut and the lung, termed the gut\u2013lung axis, are regulated by the microbiome. The gut\u2013lung axis is increasingly implicated in cigarette smoke-induced diseases, and cigarette smoke exposure has been associated with depletion of Bifidobacterium species. In this study, we assessed the impact of acetate-producing Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum (WT) and a mutant strain with an impaired acetate production capacity (MUT) on cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. The mice were treated with WT or MUT B. longum subsp. longum and exposed to cigarette smoke for 8 weeks before assessments of lung inflammation, lung tissue gene expression and cecal SCFAs were performed. Both strains of B. longum subsp. longum reduced lung inflammation, inflammatory cytokine expression and adhesion factor expression and alleviated cigarette smoke-induced depletion in caecum butyrate. Thus, the probiotic administration of B. longum subsp. longum, irrespective of its acetate-producing capacity, alleviated cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and the depletion of cecal butyrate levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T04:24:53Z","timestamp":1671769493000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Protects against Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammation in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7435-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurtis F.","family":"Budden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7361-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaan L.","family":"Gellatly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalicia","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay C.","family":"Horvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and Immune Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole G.","family":"Hansbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L. A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Hugenholtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A. 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