{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:39:18Z","timestamp":1781833158749,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Council for Scientific Research","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation of Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["#30515-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#30515-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["#200.960-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#200.960-2022"]}]},{"name":"FAPERJ","award":["#210.003\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#210.003\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral immunization with the choleric toxin (CT) elicits a high level of protection against its enterotoxin activities and can control cholera in endemic settings. However, the complete B-cell epitope map of the CT that is responsible for protection remains to be clarified. A library of one-hundred, twenty-two 15-mer peptides covering the entire sequence of the three chains of the CT protein (CTP) was prepared by SPOT synthesis. The immunoreactivity of membrane-bound peptides with sera from mice vaccinated with an oral inactivated vaccine (Schankol\u2122) allowed the mapping of continuous B-cell epitopes, topological studies, multi-antigen peptide (MAP) synthesis, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) development. Eighteen IgG epitopes were identified; eight in the CTA, three in the CTB, and seven in the protein P. Three V. cholera specific epitopes, Vc\/TxA-3, Vc\/TxB-11, and Vc\/TxP-16, were synthesized as MAP4 and used to coat ELISA plates in order to screen immunized mouse sera. Sensitivities and specificities of 100% were obtained with the MAP4s of Vc\/TxA-3 and Vc\/TxB-11. The results revealed a set of peptides whose immunoreactivity reflects the immune response to vaccination. The array of peptide data can be applied to develop improved serological tests in order to detect cholera toxin exposure, as well as next generation vaccines to induce more specific antibodies against the cholera toxin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T02:56:50Z","timestamp":1672282610000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["B-Cell Epitope Mapping of the Vibrio cholera Toxins A, B, and P and an ELISA Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-656X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore G.","family":"De-Simone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz 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Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla S.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Program of Post-Graduation on Science and Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niter\u00f3i 24020-036, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme C.","family":"Lechuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergian V.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine (BIOTRANS), University of Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Caxias 25071-202, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David W.","family":"Provance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics Laboratory (LEMS), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M.","family":"Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDPN), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio R.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS)\/National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases Populations (INCT-IDPN), 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