{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:03:47Z","timestamp":1793106227059,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The real impact of nanoparticles on male fertility is evaluated after a careful analysis of the available literature. The first part reviews animal models to understand the testicular biodistribution and biopersistence of nanoparticles, while the second part evaluates their in vitro and in vivo biotoxicity. Our main findings suggest that nanoparticles are generally able to reach the testicle in small quantities where they persist for several months, regardless of the route of exposure. However, there is not enough evidence that they can cross the blood\u2013testis barrier. Of note, the majority of nanoparticles have low direct toxicity to the testis, but there are indications that some might act as endocrine disruptors. Overall, the impact on spermatogenesis in adults is generally weak and reversible, but exceptions exist and merit increased attention. Finally, we comment on several methodological or analytical biases which have led some studies to exaggerate the reprotoxicity of nanoparticles. In the future, rigorous clinical studies in tandem with mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the real risk posed by nanoparticles on male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:26:11Z","timestamp":1672370771000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Impact of Nanoparticles on Male Fertility: What Do We Really Know? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1114-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet Saint-\u00c9tienne, INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"},{"name":"CHU de Saint-Etienne, Service D\u2019Histologie-Embryologie-Cytog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Mery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Saint-Etienne, Service D\u2019Histologie-Embryologie-Cytog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Boudard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet Saint-\u00c9tienne, INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"},{"name":"CHU de Saint-Etienne, Service D\u2019Histologie-Embryologie-Cytog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, F-35000 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Sant\u00e9, Environnement et Travail)\u2014UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Cottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet Saint-\u00c9tienne, INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"},{"name":"CHU de Saint-Etienne, Service D\u2019Histologie-Embryologie-Cytog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-3300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Bitounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet Saint-\u00c9tienne, INSERM, SAINBIOSE U1059, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years","volume":"305","author":"Carlsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.971051228","article-title":"Have sperm densities declined? 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